Process for producing glutamate derivatives

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for producing efficiently glutamic acid derivatives (including salts thereof) such as monatin by converting a substituted α-keto acid of formula (1) into a glutamic acid derivative of formula (2) in the presence of an enzyme catalyzing conversion of the same.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 10/876,468,filed on Jun. 28, 2004, which is a continuation of PCT/JP02/12852, filedon Dec. 9, 2002, which claims priority to JP 2002-245980, filed on Aug.26, 2002, JP 2002-095760, filed on Mar. 29, 2002, and JP 2001-396471,filed on Dec. 27, 2001. The entire contents of these applications isincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a process of producing glutamatederivatives using enzyme reactions. Further, the invention relates to aprocess of producing monatin using tryptophan as a starting material.

2. Discussion of the Background

4-(Indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-glutamic acid(3-(1-amino-1,3-dicarboxy-3-hydroxy-butan-4-yl)-indole) (hereinafterreferred to as “monatin”) represented by the following structuralformula (6) is an amino acid contained in the root of a shrub tree(e.g., Schlerochitom ilicifolius) in South Africa. Monatin has a levelof sweetness that is several hundreds-fold greater than that of sucrose.Therefore, monatin is a particularly promising low-calorie sweetener(see JP-A-64-25757).

Monatin has asymmetric carbons at positions 2 and 4. Naturally occurringmonatin has a (2S, 4S) steric configuration. In addition to the (2S, 4S)steric configuration, the non-naturally occurring stereoisomers may besynthetically produced. It has been determined that all of the otherstereoisomers of monatin have a highly enriched sweetness level comparedto sucrose. Therefore, it is expected that any single monatinstereoisomer or mixture of monatin stereoisomers may be utilized as asweetening agent or as a component for a sweetening agent (e.g., asweetener).

Five examples of monatin production processes have been reported. Thedetails of these processes are as described in the following referencesof the related art.

-   -   (1) Specification of U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,559    -   (2) Tetrahedron Letters, 2001, Vol. 42, No. 39, pp. 6793-6796    -   (3) Organic Letters, 2000, Vol. 2, No. 19, pp. 2967-2970    -   (4) Synthetic Communication, 1994, Vol. 24, No. 22, pp.        3197-3211    -   (5) Synthetic Communication, 1993, Vol. 23, No. 18, pp.        2511-2526

However, each of these processes requires multiple steps. Moreover, anindustrial-scale production process is yet to be established. Thus, ademand exists for the development of a simple, high-yield industrialprocess for producing glutamate derivatives, including monatin andanalogs thereof.

Thus, it is an object of the invention to provide an efficient processof producing glutamate derivatives and salt forms thereof includingmonatin. These compounds are promising as a component for a sweetener.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To achieve the aforementioned object, the present inventors havesuccessfully developed a production method for a glutamate derivative(including salt forms thereof) of formula (2)

(R¹ and R² in formula (2) have the same meanings as R¹ and R² in thegeneral formula (1)). In this process, the glutamate derivative of thegeneral formula (2) is produced from a substituted α-keto acid offormula (1) in the presence of a catalytic enzyme

(in formula (1), R¹ and R² independently represent a substituentselected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl grouphaving one to 8 carbon atoms (C1 to C8), a C1 to C8 alkoxyl group, a C2to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, anaralkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, a heterocyclicring-containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl group; when one of R¹and R² represents a hydrogen atom, however, the other is not a hydrogenatom, a methyl group or an ethyl group; when one of R¹ and R² representsa hydroxyl group, the other is not a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;when R¹ contains an aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring, the aromaticring or the heterocyclic ring may be additionally substituted with ahalogen atom, a hydroxyl group, alkyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms,alkoxyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms and an amino group), underconditions and for a time suitable to progress the reaction. Based onthe finding, the invention has been achieved.

The process for producing glutamate derivatives in accordance with thepresent invention enables efficient production of monatin represented byformula (6) from 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid(hereinafter referred to as “IHOG”) represented by formula (7), using anenzymatic reaction.

The present inventors have also developed new methods of producingmonatin from tryptophan as a starting material, including the followingreactions 1 to 3. The process of producing the glutamate derivatives ofthe present invention corresponds to reaction 3 in the monatinproduction process resulting from the following reactions 1 to 3. Theproduction route of monatin, including reactions 1 to 3, is shown inreaction scheme (8).

-   -   Reaction 1: preparing indole-3-pyruvic acid from tryptophan in        the presence of an enzyme catalyst.    -   Reaction 2: preparing the precursor keto acid (IHOG) via aldol        condensation between indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or        oxaloacetic acid).    -   Reaction 3: synthetically preparing monatin by aminating IHOG at        the position 2 in the presence of an enzyme catalyst.

The present invention is described in more detail below.

-   [1] A process for producing a glutamate derivative, or salt forms    thereof, of formula (2)-    (R¹ and R² in formula (2) have the same meanings as R¹ and R² in    formula (1)). In this process, the glutamate derivative of the    general formula (2) is produced from a substituted α-keto acid of    formula (1) in the presence of a catalytic enzyme-    (in formula (1), R¹ and R² independently represent a substituent    selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl    group having one to 8 carbon atoms (C1 to C8), a C1 to C8 alkoxyl    group, a C2 to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl group having up to 20    carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, a    heterocyclic ring-containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl    group; when one of R¹ and R² represents a hydrogen atom, however,    the other is not a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group;    when one of R¹ and R² represents a hydroxyl group, the other is not    a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; when R¹ contains an aromatic ring    or a heterocyclic ring, the aromatic ring or the heterocyclic ring    may be additionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxyl    group, alkyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms, alkoxyl groups with    up to 3 carbon atoms and amino group), under conditions and for a    time suitable to progress the reaction.-   [2] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [1], wherein R¹ represents a phenylmethyl group or a 3-indolylmethyl    group, and R² represents a hydroxyl group.-   [3] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [1] or [2], wherein the enzyme is a dehydrogenase or a transaminase.-   [4] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [3], wherein the enzyme is a transaminase and the reaction system    therefor contains one or more types of amino acids as amino group    donors.-   [5] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [4], wherein the amino acids are selected from the group consisting    of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,    isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, valine, arginine, asparagine,    glutamine, methionine, omithine, serine, cysteine, histidine and    lysine.-   [6] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [3] through [5], wherein the enzyme is a L-amino acid transaminase.-   [7] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [3] through [5], wherein the enzyme is a D-amino acid transaminase.-   [8] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [7], wherein the reaction system therefor contains an enzyme that    catalyzes the conversion of a L-amino acid to a D-amino acid.-   [9] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [6], wherein the L-amino acid transaminase is derived from a    microorganism belonging to a genus selected from the group    consisting of Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Beijerinckia,    Escherichia, Proteus and Morganella.-   [10] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [9], wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting    of Aeromonas hydrophila, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alcaligenes    faecalis, Beijerinckia indica, Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri    and Morganella morganii.-   [11] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [7] or [8], wherein the D-amino acid transaminase is derived from a    microorganism of the genus Bacillus or Paenibacillus.-   [12] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [11], wherein the microorganism is selected from the group    consisting of Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus pulvifaciens, Bacillus    macerans, Bacillus lentus, Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens    and Paenibacillus macerans.-   [13] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [1], wherein the enzyme is generated by a microorganism transformed    with a gene encoding a D-amino acid transaminase.-   [14] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [13], wherein the microorganism is Escherichia coli.-   [15] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [13] or [14], wherein the gene encoding a D-amino acid transaminase    is from Bacillus sphaericus or Bacillus macerans.-   [16] A process for producing a glutamate derivative comprising:    -   [I] producing a substituted α-keto acid of formula (4)    -    (R in formula (4) has the same meaning as R in formula (3)) in        the presence of an enzyme catalyzing the production of        substituted α-keto acid of fonrnula (4) from a substituted        α-keto acid represented by formula (3)    -    (in formula (3), R represents a substituent selected from the        group consisting of a C2 to C8 alkyl group, a C1 to C8 alkoxyl        group, a C2 to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl group having up to        20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms,        a heterocyclic ring-containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl        group; when R contains an aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring,        the aromatic ring or the heterocyclic ring may be additionally        substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl        group having up to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxyl group having up to        3 carbon atoms and an amino group), and oxaloacetic acid or        pyruvic acid, under conditions and for a time suitable to        progress the reaction; and    -   [II] producing a glutamate derivative , or salt forms thereof,        represented by formula (5) in the presence of an enzyme        catalyzing the reaction production of glutamate derivative of        formula (5)    -    (R in formula (5) has the same meaning as R in formula (3))        from the substituted α-keto acid of formula (4), under        conditions and for a time suitable to progress the reaction.-   [17] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [16], wherein R represents a phenylmethyl group or a 3-indolylmethyl    group.-   [18] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [16] or [17], wherein the enzyme catalyzing the reaction in [I] is    derived from a microorganism belonging to a genus selected from the    group consisting of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium and    Xanthomonas.-   [19] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [18], wherein the microorganism is Pseudomonas taetrolens,    Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas desmolytica, Erwinia sp.,    Flavobacterium rhenanum or Xanthomonas citri.-   [20] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [19], wherein the microorganism is Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683    or Pseudomonas coronafaciens AJ2791.-   [21] A process for producing a glutamate derivative as described in    [16] or [17], wherein the enzyme catalyzing the reaction in [I] is    any of the following proteins:    -   (a) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.        2;    -   (b) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence prepared by        substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of        one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO. 2 where the protein has aldolase activity;    -   (c) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.        3;    -   (d) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence prepared by        substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of        one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO. 3 where the protein has aldolase activity.-   [22] A process for producing a glutamate derivative described in    [16] or [17], wherein the enzyme catalyzing the reaction in [I] is    an enzyme obtained from a recombinant where the gene encoding any of    the following proteins is amplified and expressed:    -   (a) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.        2;    -   (b) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence prepared by        substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of        one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO. 2 having aldolase activity;    -   (c) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.        3;    -   (d) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence prepared by        substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of        one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO. 3 having the aldolase activity.-   [23] A process for producing monatin comprising:    -   [A] producing indole-3-pyruvic acid in the presence of an enzyme        catalyzing the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvic        acid;    -   [B] producing 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid        from indole-3-pyruvic acid, and oxaloacetic acid or pyruvic        acid;    -   [C] producing monatin in the presence of an enzyme catalyzing        the production of monatin from        4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, by allowing        4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid.-   [24] A process for producing monatin as described in [23], wherein    [A] includes reacting tryptophan in the presence of an enzyme    catalyzing the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvic acid,    and treating the resulting reaction solution with any of deaeration    treatment, deoxygen treatment and pH adjustment up to pH 2 at    maximum to collect indole-3-pyruvic acid.-   [25] A process for producing monatin as described in [24], wherein    the deaeration treatment or the deoxygen treatment is a process of    substituting the whole or a part of the gas contained in the    reaction solution with an inactive gas.-   [26] A process for producing monatin as described in [25], wherein    the inactive gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen,    argon and helium.-   [27] A process for producing monatin as described in [24] through    [26], wherein the pH is adjusted by adding an acid to the reaction    solution, and the process further comprises crystallizing    indole-3-pyruvic acid produced as a consequence of the pH adjustment    and collecting the resulting indole-3-pyruvic acid.-   [28] A process for producing monatin as described in [27], wherein    the acid is any of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and    phosphoric acid.-   [29] A process of producing monatin as described in [23] through    [28], wherein the enzyme catalyzing the reaction at [A] is derived    from a microorganism having amino acid oxidase activity and catalase    activity.-   [30] A process for producing monatin as described in [23] through    [29], wherein the enzyme catalyzing the reaction at [A] is a    microorganism belonging to a genus selected from the group    consisting of Achromobacter, Proteus and Morganella.-   [31] A process for producing monatin as described in [30], wherein    the enzyme is from a microorganism selected from the group    consisting of Achromobacter sp. AJ2425, Proteus rettgeri IFO13501    and Morganella morganii IFO3168.-   [32] A process for producing monatin as described in [23], wherein    [A] comprises interacting a culture of a microorganism with    tryptophan, wherein said microorganism possesses an ability to    convert tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvic acid and is a member of a    genus selected from the group consisting of Achromobacter, Proteus,    Morganella, Pseudomonas and Neurospora, and further comprises    producing indole-3-pyruvic acid and then collecting indole-3-pyruvic    acid.-   [33] A process of producing monatin as described in [23] through    [32], wherein [B] is performed in the presence of an enzyme    catalyst.-   [34] A process of producing monatin as described in [23] through    [32], wherein [B] is a chemical synthetic method.

The above objects highlight certain aspects of the invention. Additionalobjects, aspects and embodiments of the invention are found in thefollowing detailed description of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless specifically defined, all technical and scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a skilled artisanin enzymology, biochemistry, cellular biology, molecular biology, andthe medical sciences.

All methods and materials similar or equivalent to those describedherein may be used in the practice or testing of the present invention,with suitable methods and materials being described herein. Allpublications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Incase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. Further, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrativeonly and are not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise specified.

The process of producing glutamate derivatives developed by theinventors is for producing glutamate derivatives of formula (2) from asubstituted α-keto acid of formula (1). More particularly, the processof the present invention relates to the production of glutamatederivatives in which an enzyme-catalyzed transamination is performedusing an isolated enzyme or a microorganism generating the enzyme.

Additionally, the process for producing monatin from a starting materialtryptophan developed by the inventors includes the following reactions 1to 3. It should be noted that the process of producing monatin includingthe following reactions 1 to 3 utilizes the process of producingglutamate derivatives in accordance with the invention as reaction 3.

-   -   Reaction 1: synthesis of indole-3-pyruvic acid from tryptophan        in the presence of an enzyme catalyst.    -   Reaction 2: synthesis of the precursor keto acid (IHOG) by aldol        condensation between indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or        oxaloacetic acid).    -   Reaction 3: synthesis of monatin by aminating IHOG at the        position 2 in the presence of an enzyme catalyst.

Among the reactions 1 to 3, the reactions 1 and 3 are enzymaticreactions. However, the reaction 2 may be carried out by either chemicalsynthesis or enzymatic synthesis, with no specific limitation.

The process for producing monatin in accordance with the invention isnot limited to the process of producing monatin using tryptophan as thestarting material but preferably includes the reaction 3 as an essentialstep among the reactions 1 to 3. In the other words, the invention alsoincludes a process for producing monatin using commercially availableindole-3-pyruvic acid as the starting material via the reactions 2 and3, and a process of producing monatin from the precursor keto acid(IHOG) as the starting material for reaction 3. Thus, the process ofproducing monatin in accordance with the invention includes all of thefollowing processes (a) through (c).

-   -   (a) Reactions 1+2+3    -   (b) Reactions 2+3    -   (c) Reaction 3 alone

Also in the present invention reaction 2 may be used for the productionof the substituted α-keto acid that may be used as the substrate in theprocess of producing glutamate derivatives in accordance with theinvention in addition to being used for the synthesis of the precursorketo acid (IHOG) of monatin.

As shown in scheme (10), the process of producing a glutamate derivativeof formula (5) via reaction 3, using the substituted α-keto acid offormula (4) as obtained via reaction 2 (Reaction 2+Reaction 3), is alsoincluded in the process of producing glutamate derivatives in accordancewith the invention.

The invention is now described in details with reference to the attacheddrawings, sequentially in the order of [A] Reaction 1, [B] Reaction 2and [C] Reaction 3.

[A] Reaction 1

Reaction 1 shown in scheme (11) is a reaction related to the productionof indole-3-pyruvic acid. Reaction 1 in accordance with the inventioncharacteristically includes a step in which tryptophan is converted toindole-3-pyruvic acid in the presence of a catalytic enzyme. Theresulting reaction solution is subsequently treated with any ofdeaeration treatment, deoxygen treatment or pH adjustment up to no morethan pH 2 to collect indole-3-pyruvic acid.

In the related art, a chemical process of producing indole-3-pyruvicacid was proposed by Giovanna De Luca, et al. and has been disclosed.This process includes a step of reacting tryptophan with pyridinealdehyde in the presence of a base for dehydrating proton acceptors toobtain indole-3-pyruvic acid at a yield of 50 to 62% (see thepublication of Patent Publication (TOKUHYO) No. Sho 62-501912, thepamphlet of International Publication WO 87/00169). According to theprocess of DeLuca et al, the base and pyridine aldehyde are essential,but are very expensive and the resulting the yield is low. Therefore,the production cost is very high, which is problematic.

Additionally, a process for producing indole-3-pyruvic acid at arecovery of 64% was proposed by Politi Vincenzo, et al. The Vincenzoprocess uses a condensation reaction between indole andethyl-3-bromopyruvate ester oxime followed by acid hydrolysis (EP 421946). According to this process, a purification step using silica gel isneeded and the resulting yield is low. Moreover, the raw materials areexpensive. Thus, the process is disadvantageous in terms of its highcost for application to industrial production.

An enzymatic process for producing indole-3-pyruvic acid using atransaminase is also known (see scheme (12) below).

Moreover, reports exist of a process of producing indole-3-pyruvic acidby reacting L-tryptophan (L-Trp) with L-tryptophan transaminase fromCandida maltose to generate indole-3-pyruvic acid from 40 mM L-Trp and80 mM 2-ketoglutaric acid. The product is then purified with an ionexchange resin and the resulting indole-3-pyruvic acid is obtained at ayield of 72% (see East Germany Patent DD 297190 to Bobe Ruediger, etal.).

Another process for producing indole-3-pyruvic acid has been profferedin which L-Trp and 2-ketoglutaric acid react with an aspartatetransaminase to generate indole-3-pyruvic acid. Subsequently thereaction solution is extracted in petroleum ether, and indole-3-pyruvicacid is purified by column chromatographic separation to collect thepurified indole-3-pyruvic acid (see JP-A-59-95894 to Mario Matterazzi,et al.).

However, these processes using transaminase provide a low yield andrequire keto acid such as 2-ketoglutaric acid to serve as an amino groupacceptor in addition to L-Trp. In addition, these processes involve thesecondary production of an amino acid corresponding to the amino groupacceptor at a molar amount equivalent to the molar amount of theproduced indole-3-pyruvic acid. Further, more keto acid is required thanL-Trp in the reaction system to improve the overall yield. As such,residual keto acid still remains even after the completion of reaction.Based on these factors, the collection of intended indole-3-pyruvic acidfrom the reaction solution requires a purification step using ionexchange resins or the like, which involve complicated procedures andhigh cost.

As a process for producing indole-3-pyruvic acid from L-Trp, further, aprocess using L-amino acid oxidase has also been known. Becauseindole-3-pyruvic acid is decomposed to indoleacetic acid (see scheme(14)) with hydrogen peroxide secondarily produced during the tryptophanoxidation by L-amino acid oxidase (see scheme (13)), herein, a processis proposed, including adding catalase to the reaction system todecompose the hydrogen peroxide (see scheme 15) (see the specificationof U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,963; Tetrahedron Letters, 1987, Vol. 28, No. 12,pp. 1277-1280).

Specifically, the process entails employing an enzyme-immobilized columnprepared by immobilizing L-amino acid oxidase from snake venom- andbovine liver-derived catalase on a carrier (e.g., a resin). The solutioncontaining L-Trp is then passed through the column to permit thereaction, the indole-3-pyruvic acid produced on an ion exchange columnis subsequently absorbed, the product is then eluted with methanol anddried to collect the product. According to the process, however, 0.5 gof the starting L-Trp results in only 0.2 g of indole-3-pyruvic acid, ata yield as low as 40%. The enzyme immobilization procedure and thepurification procedure using ion exchange resin are laborious andrequire a step for recovering and recycling the residual L-Trp. Thus,the process is disadvantageously very costly.

Concerning L-amino acid oxidase derived from microorganisms,alternatively, John A. Duerre, et al. detect the oxidation activity ofL-Trp by measuring the activity, including a step of approximatelypurifying the L-amino acid oxidase from Proteus rettgeri and a step ofdetecting oxygen consumption (see Journal of Bacteriology, 1975, Vol.121, No. 2, pp. 656-663), Additionally, Furuyama, et al. confirm thatthe L-phenylalanine oxidase derived from Pseudomonas sp. P-501 interactswith L-Trp by measuring the oxidase activity, including a step ofdetecting oxygen consumption (see Noda Institute for ScientificResearch, Kiyofumi Maruyama, Journal of Biochemistry, 1990, 108, pp.327-333).

In these reports, however, oxidase activity is detected by means ofmeasuring the L-tryptophan consumption, oxygen consumption and theamount of hydrogen peroxide generated during the enzyme reactions, butindole-3-pyruvic acid is never directly assayed. This may be due to thefact that indole-3-pyruvic acid is decomposed to indoleacetic acid byhydrogen peroxide produced via the reaction with amino acid oxidase.Meanwhile, no example of indole-3-pyruvic acid production using amicrobial cell or a treated product from microbial cells exists to date.Therefore, it has been unknown how microorganisms decompose tryptophanor what decomposition products are produced thereby.

Additionally, the process described above using transaminase and theprocess using snake venom-derived L-amino acid oxidase for theproduction of indole-3-pyruvic acid are at low reaction yields andrequire chromatographic separation steps for the recovery ofindole-3-pyruvic acid, due to the presence of by-product keto acid andresidual L-tryptophan in the reaction solution. Thus, the processesrequire very laborious procedures and involve high production costs.

Accordingly, the present inventors have investigated how to provide aprocess of producing indole-3-pyruvic acid in a simple manner and at lowcost. The inventors have discovered that the interaction of amicroorganism having amino acid oxidase and catalase activities withtryptophan may produce indole-3-pyruvic acid. The resultingindole-3-pyruvic acid may then be collected. Particularly, the presentinventors have found that the interaction of the aforementionedmicroorganism with tryptophan may produce indole-3-pyruvic acid,preferably with suppression of the decomposition of the intended productby inactive gas substitution or pH adjustment for the resulting reactionsolution, which may be collected.

In addition to the decomposition of indole-3-pyruvic acid toindoleacetic acid with hydrogen peroxide, the inventors have discoveredthat indole-3-pyruvic acid is attacked with oxygen and the like in thesolution resulting in decomposition products with unknown structures.Accordingly, the solution containing indole-3-pyruvic acid eventuallybecomes colored. Therefore, the present invention provides a method forsolving the problem.

In accordance with the invention, tryptophan is reacted in the presenceof an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvicacid and the resulting solution is treated with any of the followingmethods to facilitate collection of indole-3-pyruvic acid: deaerationtreatment, deoxygen treatment, or pH adjustment up to pH 2 at maximum.

The decomposition or coloring of indole-3-pyruvic acid may progress atits solution state. By the acid addition process, however,indole-3-pyruvic acid crystallizes during the early stage of the step ofcollecting the resulting indole-3-pyruvic acid. Therefore, compared withother purification and treatment steps, the acid addition process mayadvantageously suppress the decomposition and coloring.

Indoleacetic acid as a decomposition product of indole-3-pyruvic acid isnot always readily removed under acidic conditions by directcrystallization. However, the secondary production of indoleacetic acidmay be effectively suppressed via inactive gas substitution. Acombination of crystallization under acidic conditions and inactive gassubstitution may be more highly effective for the high-purity collectionof indole-3-pyruvic acid.

Additionally, an alternate mode for performing reaction 1 in accordancewith the present invention includes interacting a culture of amicroorganism with tryptophan, wherein said microorganism possesses anability to catalyze the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvicacid, to produce and collect indole-3-pyruvic acid.

Heretofore, no report has existed about the interaction of a culture ofa microorganism with tryptophan, wherein said microorganism possesses anability to catalyze the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvicacid, to produce and collect indole-3-pyruvic acid. Thus, the processprovides a novel and useful process for producing indole-3-pyruvic acidby an enzymatic method.

The mode for performing reaction 1 in accordance with the presentinvention is now sequentially described in reference to (A-1) the enzymefor use in reaction 1 and (A-2) reaction conditions for reaction 1.

(A-1) Enzyme for Use in Reaction 1

The enzyme for use in reaction 1 includes any enzyme having an abilityto convert tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvic acid, with no specificlimitation. As the enzyme for use in reaction 1, enzymes having aminoacid oxidase activity, and enzymes having catalase activity arepreferable.

The “amino acid oxidase activity” for reaction 1 means an activitycatalyzing the reaction shown in scheme (13). Generally, L-amino acidoxidase generates keto acid from the corresponding L-amino acid, whileD-amino acid oxidase generates keto acid from the corresponding D-aminoacid. Specifically, in accordance with the present invention,individually, a microorganism having L-amino acid oxidase activity maybe used when L-tryptophan is used as the raw material, while amicroorganism having D-amino acid oxidase activity may used whenD-tryptophan is used as the raw material. Additionally, the preparationfrom DL-tryptophan is also applicable. When D- and L-amino acid oxidaseis allowed to interact with DL-tryptophan, the intended indole-3-pyruvicacid may be quantitatively produced. When D- or L-amino acid oxidaseinteracts with DL-tryptophan, otherwise, the intended indole-3-pyruvicacid may be produced at a yield of 50%.

Additionally, the “catalase activity” means an activity catalyzing thereaction shown in

The enzyme with amino acid oxidase activity for reaction 1 may beselected by using any of various known methods, such as an assaydetecting oxygen consumption due to the oxidation activity of amino acid(see for one example, Journal of Bacteriology, 1975, Vol. 121, No. 2,pp. 656-663) and a method of measuring hydrogen peroxide generated viathe reaction (see for one example M. Gabler, et al., Enzyme andMicrobial Technology, 2000, 27, pp. 605-611) as well as the method ofdirect measuring indole-3-pyruvic acid produced from tryptophan asdescribed below in accordance with the present invention.

The enzyme having catalase activity for reaction 1 may be selected byusing any of various known methods, including a method of measuring thehydrogen peroxide decrease via the catalase reaction based on the changeof the absorbance at 230 nm to 250 nm, a method of measuring theresidual hydrogen peroxide in the reaction solution with KMnO₄, and amethod of measuring oxygen produced during the reaction with amanometer. As one example, a spectroscopic method of measuring theresidual hydrogen peroxide is listed, which includes a step of oxidizingelectron donors such as o-dianisidine via the peroxidase reaction, asdescribed in M. Gabler, et al., Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2000,27, pp. 605-611. Using any of these methods, an enzyme having catalaseactivity may be selected.

Furthermore, the enzyme for use in reaction 1 may be selected bydetecting the activity for producing indole-3-pyruvic acid fromtryptophan, according to the method described below in Example 1.

The microorganism generating the enzyme for use in reaction 1 may beselected for example from a genus represented by Achromobacter, Proteus,Morganella, Pseudomonas and Neurospora. The microorganism is preferablya microorganism having amino acid oxidase activity and catalaseactivity. Specifically, the microorganism is, for example, selected fromgenus represented by Achromobacter, Proteus, and Morganella.Particularly, Achromobacter sp. AJ2425, Proteus rettgeri IFO13501 andMorganella morganii IFO3168 are preferable as such microorganisms.

Herein, Achromobacter sp. AJ2425 has been deposited as follows.

Achromobacter sp. strain AJ2425

-   (a) Accession No. FERM BP-8244 (transferred from FERM P-18786 to the    International Patent Organism Depositary, Nov. 22, 2002).-   (b) Deposition date: Mar. 20, 2002-   (c) Depositary Organization: International Patent Organism    Depositary, The Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and    Technology (No. 6, Chuo, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan    (zip code: 305-8566))

Additionally, microorganisms deposited at the Institute forFennentation, Osaka (IFO) may be supplied and available from theInstitute for Fermentation, (2-17-85, Tomimoto-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka,Japan (zip code: 532-8686)).

These microorganisms may be microbial strains newly separated from thenatural resources, such as in soil or from plants or may be microbialstains artificially grown by treatment with mutagenic chemicals orrecombinant DNA technology.

The method for culturing the microorganism that produces the enzyme foruse in reaction 1 may be performed using general culture media for usein the field, culture media containing carbon sources, nitrogen sources,inorganic salts, trace metal salts, vitamins and the like.

As the carbon sources, for example, any carbon source that is compatiblewith the microorganism may be used. Exemplary carbon sources includesugars such as glucose, sucrose and dextrin, alcohols such as sorbitol,ethanol and glycerol, organic acids such as fumaric acid, citric acid,acetic acid and propionic acid and salts thereof, hydrocarbons such asparaffin or mixtures thereof described above.

As the nitrogen sources, for example, ammonium sulfate, ammoniumchloride, urea, yeast extract, meat extract, corn steep liquor andcasein-hydrolyzed products or mixtures thereof may be used.

As a specific culture medium composition, for example, a culture mediumcontaining 1.0% glucose, 0.3% ammonium sulfate, 1.0% powder yeastextract, 1.0% peptone, 0.1% KH₂PO₄, 0.3% K₂HPO₄, 0.05% MgSO₄.7H₂O,0.001% FeSO₄.7H₂O, and 0.001% MnSO₄.4H₂O (pH 7.0) may be used.

Additionally, microbial cells having a high ability to converttryptophan to indole-3-pyruvic acid may sometimes be obtained by addingL-amino acid or D-amino acid as an enzyme-inducing agent to the culturemedium.

Detergents such as Triton X and Tween and organic solvents such astoluene and xylene may be used to enhance the permeability of microbialcells for incorporation of the substrate.

As to the culture temperature, generally, the reaction is performedwithin a range where a microorganism may grow. In view thereof, thetemperature is generally in the range of about 20 to 45° C., preferably25 to 37° C.

As to the pH of the culture medium, the pH is preferably adjusted toabout 3 to 10, more preferably about 4 to 8.

As to the aeration condition, the condition should be set to a conditionsuitable for the growth of a microorganism to be used. Preferably,microorganism growth (and reaction) occurs under aerobic conditions.

As to the culture period, the reaction is generally conducted for about12 to 120 hours, preferably about 16 to 96 hours.

(A-2) Reaction Conditions for Reaction 1

Reaction 1 includes producing indole-3-pyruvic acid from tryptophan inthe presence of an enzyme catalyst and treating the resulting reactionsolution with any one method selected from deaeration treatment,deoxygen treatment and pH adjustment up to pH 2 at maximum to collectindole-3-pyruvic acid.

In reaction 1, the term “in the presence of an enzyme” means allowingthe enzyme to exist in the reaction system while the enzyme in an activestate to enable the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvic acid.In other words, the enzyme may exist in the reaction system as long asthe enzyme is at any active state to enable converting tryptophan toindole-3-pyruvic acid. For example, the enzyme may be added solely tothe reaction system (i.e., an isolated or purified enzyme), or amicroorganism possessing the enzyme activity (e.g., microorganismgenerating the enzyme, cells transformed with recombinant DNA, etc.), aculture of the microorganism (e.g., liquid culture, solid culture,etc.), a culture medium (e.g. prepared by preliminarily eliminatingmicrobial cells from the culture) or a treated product of the culturemay be added to the reaction system. When a culture of a microorganismis used, reaction 1 may be progressed concurrently with culturing themicroorganism. Otherwise, reaction 1 may be performed using a culturefor obtaining the enzyme.

Herein, the “treatment” means a treatment for the purpose of recoveringenzymes in microbial cells. The treatment includes, for example,treatments with ultrasonication, glass beads, French press, andfreeze-drying and treatments with lytic enzymes, organic solvents,detergents or the like. Additionally, treated products after thesetreatments are further treated by routine methods (e.g., liquidchromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, etc.) to prepare a crudeenzyme fraction or a purified enzyme, which may be used satisfactorily,when the fraction or the enzyme has an ability to be required.

When using the culture or the treated product thereof, the culture orthe treated product may be included in carrageenan or polyacrylamide ormay be immobilized on a film of polyether sulfone or regeneratedcellulose, prior to use.

The microbial cell or a treated product of the microbial cell may beused at an amount (effective amount) sufficient to exert the intendedeffect in case of a given reaction. As to the effective amount, a personskilled in the art may readily determine the amount by a simplepreliminary experiment. For rinsed wet microbial cells, for example, theamount preferably ranges 1 to 40 g per 100 ml of reaction solution.

As the substrate tryptophan, any of the L form, the D form and the DLform may be used. From the ready availability and price, the L form ispreferred. Tryptophan is integrally, intermittently or continuouslyadded within a concentration range without suppression of the intendedreaction. As to the addition method, tryptophan may be directly added tothe microbial cells during culturing. Otherwise, the microbial cellsafter the culture are once separated, with which tryptophan is mixed.Tryptophan may be mixed with a treated product thereof. For addition,the substrate is added as an aqueous solution or slurry. For the purposeof increasing the solubility or promoting the dispersion, organicsolvents or detergents with no influence on the reaction may be mixed intryptophan prior to or concurrent with addition.

The reaction for use in accordance with the invention is performedwithin a pH range of preferably about pH 3 to 10, more preferably aboutpH 5 to 9 and within a temperature range of preferably 10 to 60° C.,more preferably about 20 to 40° C. for a reaction time of preferablyabout 0.5 to 120 hours, more preferably about 0.5 to 24 hours, whilestirring or while the reaction mixture is left to stand alone. Thesubstrate may be used at any concentration with no specific limitation,but may be preferably used at a concentration ranging from 0.1% to 10%.

As to the quantitative determination of tryptophan remaining in theliquid culture or in the reaction solution, the producedindole-3-pyruvic acid therein or the by-product indoleacetic acidtherein, these may be readily measured immediately using well-knownmethods by high-perfornance liquid chromatography.

The liquid culture accumulating the indole-3-pyruvic acid (reactionsolution) therein is treated by deaeration or deoxygen treatment tosuppress decomposition of indole-3-pyruvic acid. As a method fordeaeration treatment and deoxygen treatment, a process of substitutingthe gas (the whole or a part) contained in the reaction solution withinactive gases for example nitrogen and argon is listed.

Herein, the “deaeration treatment” means a procedure for eliminatingcomponents reactive with indole-3-pyruvic acid. These procedures includeremoving oxygen and hydrogen peroxide existing in the reaction solutionor lowering the concentrations thereof, a process for substituting thereaction solution with inactive gases or a process for putting thereaction solution to conditions under reduced pressure(i.e, usingaspirator and vacuum pump). Additionally, the “deoxygen treatment” meansa procedure for eliminating the dissolved oxygen in the reactionsolution or lowering the concentration thereof. Specifically, the methodof eliminating oxygen in the solution includes for example a process ofeliminating oxygen with inactive gas or a process of adding a deoxygenagent to the solution.

By substituting the reaction solution with inactive gas, the oxygenremaining in the reaction solution may be eliminated to terminate thereaction and additionally prevent the decomposition of the producedindole-3-pyruvic acid and the residual tryptophan. Herein, the “inactivegas” means a gas that does not directly or indirectly react withindole-3-pyruvic acid but effectively lowers the concentration and/oractivity of the components reactive with indole-3-pyruvic acid andtryptophan, such as oxygen or a trace amount of residual hydrogenperoxide. Examples of the inactive gas suitable for use in accordancewith the invention include nitrogen, argon and helium. The substitutionwith inactive gas may be performed immediately after the completion ofthe reaction. In case of the reaction using rinsed microbial cells, thesubstitution may be performed after the microbial cells are separated.

The method for charging inactive gas includes, for example, a process ofsubstituting the gaseous phase with inactive gas to lower the oxygenconcentration in the gaseous phase and a process of introducing inactivegas in the solution to eliminate the dissolved oxygen. The chargingmethod is not particularly limited. In regard to the oxygenconcentration in the gaseous phase, 5% or less, preferably 3% or less,more preferably 1% or less is adopted. Desirably, the oxygenconcentration in the solution is 1 ppm or less, preferably 0.1 ppm orless, more preferably 0.01 ppm or less.

Further, the reaction may be terminated and the decomposition ofindole-3-pyruvic acid may be suppressed by appropriately adding knownsubstances such as sodium sulfite having been known to have an effect onthe decrease of the dissolved oxygen concentration to the reactionsolution.

As the deoxygen agent in accordance with the present invention, sulfiteions may be used. As the source for sulfite ion, there may be used saltssuch as sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, ammonium sulfite andsulfurous acid or hydrosulfite. These are preferably used at a sulfiteion or hydrosulfite concentration of preferably 20 ppm or more to 1% orless, more preferably 100 ppm or more to 0.5% or less.

The inactive gas substitution treatment and the method for addingdeoxygen agents to the solution may be performed in combination oreither one thereof may be done.

The indole-3-pyruvic acid produced by the reaction is collected from theliquid culture or the reaction solution by general methods, prior touse. For the collection thereof from the liquid culture or the reactionsolution, well-known procedures for general use in the field in suchcase, including filtration, centrifugation, vacuum concentration, ionexchange or adsorption chromatography or crystallization, may be used inappropriate combination, if necessary.

In one preferable embodiment of the invention, the pH of the reactionsolution is lowered, to thereby crystallize or precipitateindole-3-pyruvic acid. The resulting crystals may be directly separatedand collected from the mixture after the completion of the reaction.Concerning pH adjustment of the reaction solution, the pH is preferablyadjusted to 2 or less, more preferably adjusted to 1 or less.

In accordance with the invention, indole-3-pyruvic acid may be producedat a high production yield while the concentrations of the by-productketo acid and residual L-tryptophan are reduced in the solution. Bydirectly crystallizing indole-3-pyruvic acid under acidic conditions,therefore, the purification step may be simplified. In a more preferableembodiment of the invention, indole-3-pyruvic acid may be directlycrystallized by appropriately adding acids such as sulfuric acid andhydrochloric acid to the reaction solution. In accordance with theprocess of the present invention, indole-3-pyruvic acid may be producedat a high production yield while the concentrations of the keto acidby-product and residual tryptophan are reduced in the solution. Thus,the purification procedure may be simplified by directly crystallizingindole-3-pyruvic acid under acidic conditions.

For the adjustment to acidic conditions, the acid type to be used is notspecifically limited as long as the acid type serves to reduce the pH ofthe reaction solution to acidity. Examples of the acid to be usedinclude for example hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid andphosphoric acid. A person skilled in the art may appropriately selectthe crystallization temperature, the amount of the acid to be used, thecrystallization period of time, and the method for adding the acid,within a range with no deterioration of the practice of the invention.

The crystallization temperature preferably ranges from −20° C. to 100°C., more preferably from 0° C. to 60° C. may. As the amount of the acidto be used, an amount thereof to adjust the reaction solution topreferably pH 2 or less, more preferably pH 1 or less may be selected.The acid may be added and used so that the hydrogen ion concentration inthe solution after the acid addition is preferably about 0.01 to 10mol/L, more preferably about 0.1 to 1 mol/L.

As the crystallization period of time, preferably about 1 to 100 hours,more preferably about 1 to 24 hours may be selected.

[B] Reaction 2

Reaction 2 in accordance with the invention is a reaction forsynthesizing the precursor keto acid (IHOG) of monatin fromindole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid). However,reaction 2 may also be used not only for the IHOG synthesis but also forthe synthesis of the substituted α-keto acid for use as the substrate inreaction 3 described below.

Specifically, reaction 2 may also be used widely as a reaction forproducing the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (4)

from the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (3)

and oxaloacetic acid or pyruvic acid.

The substituted α-keto acid of formula (4) as obtained via reaction 2may be used as the substrate for reaction 3 described below.

In formulae (3) and (4), R represents a substituent selected from thegroup consisting of an C2 to C8 alkyl group, a C1 to C8 alkoxyl group, aC2 to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl group having up to 20 carbon atoms,an aralkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, a heterocyclicring-containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl group. When R includesan aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring, the aromatic ring or theheterocyclic ring may be further substituted with halogen atoms (iodineatom, bromine atom, chlorine atom, fluorine atom, etc.), a hydroxylgroup, an alkyl group having up to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxyl grouphaving up to 3 carbon atoms and an amino group.

R is preferably a phenylmethyl group or a 3-indolylmethyl group,particularly preferably a 3-indolylmethyl group. Specifically, thesubstituted α-keto acid of the general formula (3) is preferablyphenylpyruvic acid or indole-3-pyruvic acid, particularly preferablyindole-3-pyruvic acid. As the indole-3-pyruvic acid, theindole-3-pyruvic acid prepared by the process described in item [A] ofReaction 1 is preferable. However, reasonably, the process of preparingindole-3-pyruvic acid is not limited to this process.

In case that indole-3-pyruvic acid is used as the substituted α-ketoacid of the general formula (3), IHOG as the important intermediate formonatin production may be produced (reaction scheme (16)).

In case that phenylpyruvic acid is used as the substituted α-keto acidof the general formula (3), PHOG (4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaricacid) as an intermediate keto acid for a monatin analog4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxyglutamic acid (PHG) may be produced

The mode for carrying out reaction 2 is not specifically limited. Thisreaction may be either a chemical reaction system or an enzymaticsystem. The mode for carrying out reaction 2 is divided into chemicalreaction systems and enzymatic system, which are described in thefollowing order:

-   -   [B-1] chemical reaction system;    -   [B-2] enzymatic reaction system;

-   [I] enzymes for use in reaction 2;    -   (1) DNA encoding aldolase;    -   (2) properties of aldolase;    -   (3) Process of producing aldolase;

-   [II] reaction conditions for reaction 2.    (B-1) Chemical Reaction System

Reaction 2 using a chemical reaction system may be readily performed,using the method described below and the following Example 2, with nolimitation to the method.

For example, the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (4) maybe produced by subjecting the substituted α-keto acid of formula (3) andoxaloacetic acid to a cross-aldol reaction and a decarboxylationreaction. The compound obtained by the aldol reaction is preliminarilyformed in the reaction system, which is an important intermediate.Without isolation of the compound, the following decarboxylation stepmay be progressed.

The conditions for the aldol reaction are readily determined with nodifficulty. The reaction may readily be progressed only when asubstituted pyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid are allowed to interactwith each other in an appropriate solvent in the presence of aninorganic base or an organic base.

The type of the solvent to be used is not specifically limited, as longas the solvent is inactive to the reaction.

A person skilled in the art may appropriately select the reactiontemperature, the amount of base to be used, the reaction period of time,and the method for adding starting materials, within a range with nodeterioration of the practice of the invention.

The solvent preferably includes for example polar solvents such aswater, methanol, acetonitrile, and dimethylfonnamide.

If used, the base preferably includes hydroxides or carbonates ofinorganic bases (e.g., alkali metals or alkali earth metals, includinglithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodiumcarbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate), and organic bases(e.g., triethylamine).

The reaction temperature preferably ranges from −20 to 100° C., morepreferably from 0 to 60° C.

For the reaction for decarboxylating the condensate from the aldolreaction, the reaction may be completed by spontaneous decarboxylation,but decarboxylation may be effectively performed by adding acid or metalion (or both) to the reaction solution. The acid for use in that caseincludes, for example, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoricacid, acetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and solid acids such as ionexchange resins, while the metal ion includes, for example, transitionmetal ions such as nickel ion, copper ion, and iron ion. The reactiontemperature preferably ranges from −10 to 100° C., more preferably from0 to 60° C.

(B-2) Enzymatic Reaction System

(I) Enzyme for use in Reaction 2;

As the enzyme for use in reaction 2, any enzyme catalyzing the reactionfor synthesizing the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (4)via the aldol condensation between the substituted α-keto acidrepresented by formula (3) and oxaloacetic acid or pyruvic acid may beused, with no specific limitation. In other words, any enzyme derivedfrom microorganisms or obtained by genetic recombination technology maybe satisfactory as long as the enzyme catalyzes the reaction.

The investigations of the inventors have verified that microbial strainsgenerating aldolase with the 4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid(PHOG)-decomposing activity exist in microorganisms belonging to thegenera Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, and Xanthomonas.

The aldolase generated by these microorganisms catalyzes the reactionfor decomposing one PHOG molecule to generate one molecule ofphenylpyruvic acid and one molecule of pyruvic acid. The inventorsthought that the aldolase might possibly catalyze the reaction forsynthesizing 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (IHOG)from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid). Basedon this concept, the inventors isolated and purified aldolase fromcultured microbial cells of the microbial strains so as to identify thepresence of a novel aldolase. Additionally, the inventors found thatowing to the enzyme, IHOG was synthesized via the aldol condensationbetween indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid).

As microbial enzymes catalyzing the aldol condensation from twomolecules of α-keto acid (and substituted α-keto acid) as the substrate,two examples were reported in the related art. These reports used4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate aldolase from a bacterium of the genusPseudomonas and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase in E. coli, B.subtilis or the like. A report discloses that the former4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate aldolase catalyzes the reaction forgenerating 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate (4-HMG) from two moleculesof pyruvic acid and the reaction for generating one molecule ofoxaloacetic acid and one molecule of pyruvic acid from4-oxalocitramalate (see Kiyofumi Maruyama, Journal of Biochemistry,1990, 108, pp. 327-333). Additionally, it is also known that the latter4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase catalyses the reaction for generating4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate (4HG) from one molecule of glyoxylic acid andone molecule of pyruvic acid.

However, heretofore, no report or no finding exists in regard to the4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (referred to as PHOGhereinafter)-decomposing activity or about the synthetic activity of themonatin precursor keto acid (IHOG) from indole-3-pyruvic acid andpyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid) in any of these microbial strains. Itwas totally unknown whether or not the aldolase generated by thesemicrobial strains could be used for the synthetic route described above.

Prior to the findings of the inventors, in other words, no report existsregarding an example of synthetically preparing the precursor keto acid(IHOG) from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or oxaloaceticacid), using a microbial enzymatic system.

Additionally, the inventors purified the aldolase derived fromPseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683 and determined the amino acid sequenceof the aldolase. Further, the inventors successfully achieved thesynthesis of a DNA molecule of about 30 bp as speculated from the aminoacid sequence of the aldolase, the isolation and recovery of a part ofthe DNA encoding the aldolase by PCR, and the isolation of thefull-length DNA encoding the aldolase derived from Pseudomonastaetrolens in the Pseudomonas taetrolens chromosomal gene libraries,using the resulting DNA fragment as probe.

SEQ ID No. 1 in the sequence listing shows the DNA encoding the aldolaseof the invention, as identified by the method described above.Additionally, SEQ ID Nos. 2 and 3 show the amino acid sequences of thealdolase encoded by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1 in the sequencelisting. SEQ ID No. 2 in the sequence listing shows the amino acidsequence of the aldolase, which is encoded by the nucleotide sequence atthe 456-th to the 1118-th position in the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No.1 in the sequence listing. Additionally, SEQ ID No. 3 in the sequencelisting shows the amino acid sequence of the aldolase, which is encodedby the nucleotide sequence at the 444-th to the 1118-th position in thenucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1. Any aldolase described as SEQ ID Nos.2 and 3 has the aldolase activity and catalyzes the reaction forsynthesizing 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (IHOG)from one molecule of indole-3-pyruvic acid and one molecule of pyruvicacid (or oxaloacetic acid).

(1) DNA Encoding Aldolase

As described above, the aldolase gene of the nucleotide sequence SEQ IDNo. 1 in the sequence listing was isolated from the chromosomal DNA ofthe Pseudomonas taetrolens strain ATCC4683. The nucleotide sequence SEQID No. 1 in the sequence listing has 29% homology to the known4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate aldolase (name of the gene: proA)derived from the bacterium Pseudomonas ochraceae (see Maruyama K., etal., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2001, 65 (12), pp. 2701-2709) interms of amino acid sequence. Herein, the homology is calculated, usinga gene analysis software “genetyx ver. 6” while various parameters wereemployed as they were initially set in the software package.

The method for obtaining the DNA encoding aldolase from analdolase-generating bacterium is now described.

First, the amino acid sequence of the purified aldolase is determined.Using the Edman method (Edman, P., Acta Chem. Scand., 1950, 4, p. 227),herein, the amino acid sequence may be determined. Alternatively, byusing a sequencer manufactured by Applied Biosystems Inc., the aminoacid sequence may also be determined. The aldolase derived fromPseudomonas taetrolens strain ATCC4683 of the invention was subjected tolimited proteolysis with protease. The resulting peptide fragments wereseparated and recovered by reverse-phase HPLC. The internal amino acidsequences of two of those fragments were determined, to consequentlyidentify the sequences SEQ ID Nos. 4 and 5.

Based on the amino acid sequences identified, the nucleotide sequence ofDNA encoding the sequences may be deduced. For determining thenucleotide sequence of DNA the universal genetic code was used.

Based on the deduced nucleotide sequence, DNA molecules of about 30 basepairs were synthetically prepared. The method for syntheticallypreparing the DNA molecule is disclosed in Tetrahedron Letters, 1981,22, p. 1859. Additionally, the DNA molecule may be syntheticallyprepared, using a synthesizer manufactured by Applied Biosystems Inc.The DNA molecule may be used as the probe for isolating the full-lengthDNA encoding the aldolase from the chromosomal gene libraries of thealdolase-generating microorganism. Otherwise, the DNA molecule may beused as the primer for amplifying the DNA encoding the aldolase of theinvention by PCR. Because the DNA amplified by PCR does not include thefull-length DNA encoding the aldolase, the DNA amplified by PCR is usedto isolate the full-length DNA encoding the aldolase from thechromosomal gene libraries of the aldolase-generating microorganism.

The PCR procedure is described by White, T. J., et al., Trends Genet. 5,1989, p. 185. The method for preparing chromosome DNA and the method forisolating an desired DNA molecule from a gene library using a DNAmolecule as probe are described in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, ColdSpring Harbor press, 1989.

The method for determining the nucleotide sequence of the isolated DNAencoding the aldolase is described in A Practical Guide to MolecularCloning, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985. Further, the nucleotide sequencemay also be determined, using a DNA sequencer manufactured by AppliedBiosystems Inc. SEQ ID No. 1 in the sequence listing shows the DNAencoding the aldolase derived from the Pseudomonas taetrolens strainATCC4683.

It is to be understood that the DNA of SEQ ID No. 1 is not the only DNAencoding an aldolase catalyzing the reaction for the synthesis of IHOGfrom indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid) foruse in the present invention. Each species and each strain of the genusPseudomonas generating the aldolase catalyzing the reaction for thesynthesis of IHOG from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (oroxaloacetic acid) should have difference in their nucleotide sequences,but nonetheless provide an aldolase that is embraced by the presentinvention.

Reasonably, even a DNA resulting from artificial mutation of thealdolase-encoding DNA isolated from the chromosome DNA of analdolase-generating bacterium may also be used for reaction 2, in casethat the artificial DNA encodes the aldolase. Site-specific mutationprocess described in Method. in Enzymol., 1987, p. 154 is frequentlyused as a process of adding such artificial mutation.

Additionally, a DNA hybridizing with a DNA of a nucleotide sequencecomplementary to the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1 in the sequencelisting under stringent conditions and encoding a protein with thealdolase activity may also be used for reaction 2. Herein, the term“stringent conditions” means conditions for forming so-called specifichybrid but excludes the formation of non-specific hybrids. Although itis difficult to clearly show the conditions in numerical figure, oneexample thereof is as follows: under the conditions, DNAs with highhomology of for example 50% or more, preferably 80% or more, morepreferably 90% or more and particularly preferably 95% or more mayhybridize to each other, but DNAs with lower homology cannot hybridizetogether. The term homology is preferably expressed as a valuecalculated while sequences for comparison are aligned so that the numberof the same bases may be the largest. Otherwise, the conditions areconditions for enabling hybridization at a salt concentrationcorresponding to the general rinse condition for Southern hybridization,namely 0.1×SSC, 0.1%×SDS at 37° C., preferably 0.1×SSC, 0.1%×SDS at 60°C., more preferably 0.1×SSC, 0.1%×SDS at 65° C.

Further, the term “aldolase activity” means any activity forsynthetically preparing IHOG from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid(or oxaloacetic acid). In case of a nucleotide sequence hybridizing witha nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence SEQ IDNo. 1 in the sequence listing under stringent conditions, the activityis at 10% or more, preferably 30% or more, more preferably 50% or more,still more preferably 70% or more of the aldolase activity of theprotein of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 2 or 3 in the sequencelisting under conditions at 33° C. and pH 9.

Further, DNA encoding essentially the same protein as the aldolaseencoded by the DNA described as SEQ ID No. 1 may also be used forreaction 2. In other words, the following DNAs are also included in theDNA of the invention.

-   -   (a) DNA encoding the protein of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID        No. 2 in the sequence listing.    -   (b) DNA encoding the protein of an amino acid sequence prepared        after substitution, deletion, insertion, addition or inversion        of one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence        SEQ ID No. 2 in the sequence listing and with the aldolase        activity.    -   (c) DNA encoding the protein of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID        No. 3 in the sequence listing.    -   (d) DNA encoding the protein of an amino acid sequence prepared        after substitution, deletion, insertion, addition or inversion        of one or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence        SEQ ID No. 3 in the sequence listing and with the aldolase        activity.

Herein, the term “one or several” means a range of amino acid residuesinvolving no severe deterioration of the steric configuration of theresulting protein or the aldolase activity, specifically including oneto 50, preferably one to 30, more preferably one to 10. As describedabove, additionally, the term “aldolase activity” means the activity forthe synthesis of IHOG from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (oroxaloacetic acid). In case of an amino acid sequence prepared aftersubstitution, deletion, insertion, addition or inversion of one orseveral amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 2 inthe sequence listing, the resulting aldolase activity under conditionsat 33° C. and pH 9 is at 10% or more, preferably 30% or more, morepreferably 50% or more, still more preferably 70% or more of thealdolase activity of the protein of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 2or 3 in the sequence listing, under conditions at 33° C. and pH 9.

(2) Aldolase Properties

Then, the properties of the aldolase purified from the Pseudomonastaetrolens strain ATCC4683 is now described.

The aldolase derived from the Pseudomonas taetrolens strain ATCC4683 hasthe amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 2 or 3 as clearly shown by theisolation and analysis of the gene described above. Reasonably, however,a protein of an amino acid sequence prepared after substitution,deletion, insertion, addition or inversion of one or several amino acidresidues in the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 2 or 3 in the sequencelisting and with the aldolase activity may also be used for reaction 2.

In other words, the following proteins (a) to (d) may also be used asthe enzyme catalyzing reaction 2.

-   -   (a) Protein of an amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 2 in the        sequence listing.    -   (b) Protein of an amino acid sequence prepared after        substitution, deletion, insertion, addition or inversion of one        or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence SEQ ID        No. 2 in the sequence listing and with the aldolase activity.    -   (c) Protein of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 3 in the        sequence listing.    -   (d) Protein of an amino acid sequence prepared after        substitution, deletion, insertion, addition or inversion of one        or several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence SEQ ID        No. 3 in the sequence listing and with the aldolase activity.

Herein, the definitions of “several” and “aldolase activity” are thesame as described in the description in the item DNA encoding aldolase(1).

Such aldolase may catalyze the reaction for synthetically preparing4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (IHOG) via the aldolcondensation from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or oxaloaceticacid).

The aldolase activity of the aldolase may be assayed by measuring theamount of IHOG generated from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (oroxaloacetic acid) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Specifically, the aldolase activity may be estimated by adding aldolaseto a reaction solution of 100 mM buffer, 50 mM indole-3-pyruvic acid,250 mM pyruvic acid, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 1 v/v % toluene, for reaction undershaking at 33° C. for 4 hours and measuring the amount of IHOG generatedby HPLC.

IHOG may be determined by HPLC using “Inertsil ODS-2” (5 μm, 4.6×250 mm)manufactured by GL Sciences, Inc. One example of the analyticalconditions is shown below.

-   Mobile phase: 40 v/v % acetonitrile/5 mM phosphate dihydrogen    tetrabutylammonium solution-   Flow rate: 1 ml/min-   Column temperature: 40° C.-   Detection: UV 210 nm.

The enzymatic and chemical properties of the aldolase from Pseudomonastaetrolens as measured by the aforementioned analytical method, which isfurther described below.

The aldolase derived from Pseudomonas taetrolens may catalyze thereaction for synthetically preparing IHOG via the aldol condensation ofindole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid). Asmicrobial enzymes catalyzing the aldol condensation from two moleculesof α-keto acid (or substituted α-keto acid) as the substrate, so far,two such enzymes are reported, which are4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate aldolase from genus Pseudomonas and4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase existing in E. coli and B. subtilis.However, absolutely no finding or report exists about the formerconcerning the interaction thereof with PHOG or IHOG. Therefore, todate, it has been unknown whether or not PHOG (and IHOG) may besynthetically prepared, using the enzyme. Additionally, noPHOG-decomposing activity was observed in the latter, and therefore, thePHOG (and IHOG) synthesis using the enzyme was impossible. In otherwords, the aldolase derived from Pseudomonas taetrolenscharacteristically catalyzes the reaction for the synthesis of IHOG viathe aldol condensation of indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid (oroxaloacetic acid), unlike the aldolase reported so far.

The optimum pH of the aldolase derived from Pseudomonas taetrolens isaround 9 at 33° C.

The molecular weight of the aldolase derived from Pseudomonas taetrolensas measured by gel filtration was about 146 kDa and was about 25 kDameasured by SDS-PAGE. Therefore, the aldolase of the invention willpossibly form a homohexamer composed of a subunit with a molecularweight of about 25 kDa.

(3) Process of Preparing Aldolase

The process of preparing the aldolase is now described below. Theprocess of preparing the aldolase for use in reaction 2 in accordancewith the invention includes two processes, namely (i) a process ofgenerating and accumulating the aldolase by microbiologically culturingan aldolase-generating bacterium and (ii) a process of generating andaccumulating the aldolase by forming a transformant generating thealdolase by recombinant DNA technology and culturing the transformant.

(i) The Process of Generating and Accumulating the Aldolase by MicrobialCulturing

For the process of generating and accumulating the aldolase bymicrobiologically culturing an aldolase-generating bacterium, themicroorganism as a source for recovering the aldolase includes forexample microorganisms belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Erwinia,Flavobacterium, and Xanthomonas.

Among the genera Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, and Xanthomonas,any microorganism generating aldolase catalyzing the reaction for thesynthesis of the precursor keto acid (IHOG) from indole-3-pyruvic acidand pyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid) may be used in accordance withthe invention. Preferably, the microorganism is selected fromPseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683, Pseudomonas coronafaciens AJ2791,Pseudomonas desmolytica AJ1582, Erwinia sp. AJ2917, Xanthomonas citriAJ2797, and Flavobacterium rhenanum AJ2468. Particularly among them,Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683 and Pseudomonas coronafaciens AJ2791 arepreferable. The depositary organizations of these microorganisms areshown below.

-   -   (1) Pseudomonas coronafaciens strain AJ2791        -   (a) Accession No. FERM BP-8246 (transferred from FERM            P-18881 to the international Depositary, Nov. 22, 2002)        -   (b) Deposition Date: Jun. 10, 2002        -   (c) Depositary: International Patent Organism Depositary,            The Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology            (No. 6, Chuo, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan)    -   (2) Pseudomonas desmolytica AJ1582        -   (a) Accession No. FERM BP-8247 (transferred from FERM            P-18882 to the International Depositary, Nov. 22, 2002)        -   (b) Deposition Date: Jun. 10, 2002        -   (c) Depositary: International Patent Organism Depositary,            The Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology            (No. 6, Chuo, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan)    -   (3) Erwinia sp. AJ2917        -   (a) Accession No. FERM BP-8245 (transferred from FERM            P-18880 to the International Depositary, Nov. 22, 2002)        -   (b) Deposition Date: Jun. 10, 2002        -   (c) Depositary: International Patent Organism Depositary,            The Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology            (No. 6, Chuo, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan)    -   (4) Flavobacterium rhenanum AJ2468        -   (a) Accession No. FERM BP-1862        -   (b) Deposition Date: Sep. 30, 1985        -   (c) Depositary: International Patent Organism Depositary,            The Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology            (No. 6, Chuo, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan)    -   (5) Xanthomonas citri AJ2797        -   (a) Accession No. FERM BP-8250 (transferred from FERM P-4347            to the International Depositary, Nov. 27, 2002)        -   (b) Deposition Date: Sep. 30, 1985        -   (c) Depositary: International Patent Organism Depositary,            The Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology            (No. 6, Chuo, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan)

The mode for culturing the microorganism as a source for recovering thealdolase may be any of liquid culture and solid culture. An industriallyadvantageous mode is submerged aeration culture. As the nutrient sourcein nutritious culture media, those generally used for microbial culture,such as carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts and othertrace nutrient sources may be used. Any nutrient sources compatible withthe microbial strains may be used.

For the aeration condition, aerobic conditions are adopted. The culturetemperature may be within a range for microbial growth to generate thealdolase. Thus, no strict conditions exist therefor. Generally, thetemperature is 10 to 50° C., preferably 30 to 40° C. The culture timeperiod varies, depending on other culture conditions. For example, theculture time is up to a period involving the maximum aldolasegeneration, which is for example 5 hours to 7 days, preferably about 10hours to about 3 days.

After the culture, the microbial cells are harvested by centrifugation(for example, 10,000×g, 10 minutes). Because aldolase mostly exists inmicrobial cells, the microbial cells are preferably disrupted or lysed,for aldolase solubilization. For the microbial disruption, treatmentssuch as ultrasonic disruption, French press disruption, and glass beaddisruption may be used. In case of lysis, additionally, a treatment withegg white lysozyme or peptidase or an appropriate combination of suchtreatments may be used.

For purifying the aldolase derived from the aldolase-generatingbacterium, the enzyme-solubilized solution is used as a startingmaterial for the purification. When undisrupted or non-lysed residue maybe left, the solubilized solution is again treated by centrifugationprocedures to remove the precipitating residue, which is ratheradvantageous for the purification.

For purifying the aldolase, any routine process generally used forenzyme purification may be used, including for example ammonium sulfatesalting-out process, gel filtration chromatography, ion exchangechromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and hydroxyapatitechromatography. Consequently, aldolase-containing fractions with ahigher activity may be obtained.

(ii) Process by Recombinant DNA Technology

The process of preparing the aldolase by recombinant DNA technology isnow described. Numerous examples of preparing useful proteins such asenzymes and physiologically active substances using recombinant DNAtechnology are known in the art. Using recombinant DNA technology,useful proteins naturally occurring at trace amounts may be prepared ata mass scale.

Any DNA to be conjugated to a vector DNA may be satisfactory if the DNAmay express the aldolase.

As an example of the aldolase gene conjugated to a vector DNA, herein,(1) the DNA described in the item “DNA encoding aldolase” may be used.

In case of mass protein preparation using recombinant DNA technology,preferably, the protein is associated together in a transformant to forma protein inclusion body. The advantages of the expression andpreparation process are as follows. The intended protein may beprotected from digestion with protease in microbial cells and theintended protein may be purified in a simple manner by centrifugationprocedures following microbial cells disruption.

The protein inclusion body obtained in such manner is solubilized with aprotein-denaturing agent and is treated by a procedure for regeneratingthe activity by removing the denaturing agent, and restoring the proteinto a physiologically active (correctly folded) state. For example, thereare many examples such as regeneration of human interleukin-2 activity(JP-A-61-257931).

So as to obtain the active type protein from such protein inclusionbody, a series of procedures such as solubilization and activityregeneration are needed and are more complicated than those for directlygenerating the active type protein. In case of mass preparation of aprotein with influences on the growth of a microbial cell in themicrobial cell, the influences may be suppressed by accumulating theprotein in the form of an inactive protein inclusion body in themicrobial cell.

The process of mass preparation of an intended protein in the form of aninclusion body includes single expression of the intended protein undercontrols of a strong promoter, and a process of expressing the intendedprotein in the form of a fusion protein with a protein known to beexpressed at a large scale.

After the expression thereof as a fusion protein, so as to remove thefusion protein and obtain the intended protein effectively, recognitionsequences of restriction proteases should be arranged at appropriatesites.

In case of mass protein preparation using recombinant DNA technology,for example, microbial cells, actinomycetes cells, yeast cells, funguscells, plant cells and animal cells may be used as host cells fortransformation. The microbial cells for which host-vector systems arenow developed include for example microorganism of genus Escherichia,microorganism of genus Pseudomonas, microorganism of genusCorynebacterium, and microorganism of Bacillus. Preferably, Escherichiacoli is used because significant knowledge exists regarding how to useEscherichia coli for protein generation at a large scale. A process ofpreparing aldolase using transformed Escherichia coli is now described.

As the promoter for expressing the DNA encoding the aldolase, generally,promoters for Escherichia coli for exogenous protein preparation may beused and include for example strong promoters such as T7 promoter, trppromoter, lac promoter, tac promoter and PL promoter.

For generation of the aldolase in an inclusion body of the fusionprotein, a gene encoding another protein, preferably a hydrophilicpeptide is conjugated to the upstream or downstream of the aldolasegene, to prepare a fusion protein gene. The gene encoding such anotherprotein may satisfactorily be any gene capable of increasing theaccumulation of the fusion protein and raising the solubility of thefusion protein after denaturation and regeneration steps. For example,T7 gene 10, β-galactosidase gene, the gene of the dehydrofolate-reducingenzyme, interferon γ gene, interleukin-2 gene and prochymosin gene arecandidates thereof.

For conjugation of genes encoding the “other” protein to the geneencoding the aldolase, the other genes should have the same readingframe for their codons. These genes are conjugated at appropriaterestriction sites or are conjugated, using synthetic DNA of anappropriate sequence.

For increasing the generated amount, further, a terminator as atranscription termination sequence is preferably conjugated to thedownstream of the fusion protein gene. The terminator includes forexample T7 terminator, fd phage terminator, T4 terminator, theterminator for tetracycline resistant gene, and the terminator forEscherichia coli trpA gene.

The vector for introducing the gene encoding the aldolase or a geneencoding a fusion protein of the aldolase with another protein ispreferably a multi-copy type plamid and includes for example a plasmidwith an origin of replication as derived from Col E1, such as pUC-baseplasmid, pBR322-base plasmid or derivatives thereof. Herein, the term“derivative” in the context of plasmids means such plasmids denatured bynucleotide substitution, deletion, insertion, addition or inversion.Herein, the term denaturation means mutagenic treatment with mutagensand Uv irradiation or spontaneous mutation.

For transformant screening, further, the vector preferably has markerssuch as ampicillin resistant gene. As such plasmid, expression vectorswith strong promoters are commercially available (pUC series(manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.), pPROK series (manufactured byClontech Laboratories, Inc.), pKK233-2 (manufactured by ClontechLaboratories, Inc.), etc.).

A DNA fragment, in which a promoter, the gene encoding the aldolase or agene encoding a fusion protein of the aldolase with another protein anda terminator are sequentially conjugated together in this order, isconjugated to a vector DNA to form a recombinant DNA.

Using the recombinant DNA, Escherichia coli is transformed. Theresulting Escherichia coli is cultured to express and generate thealdolase or the fusion protein of the aldolase with another protein. Asthe host to be transformed, strains generally used for the expression ofexogenous gene may be used. Particularly, the Escherichia coli stainsJM109 (DE3) and JM109 are preferable. The process for suchtransformation and the method for screening the resulting transformantsare described in Molecular Cloning, 2-nd edition, Cold Spring Harborpress, 1989 and the like.

In case of the expression in the form of fusion protein, the aldolasemay satisfactorily be excised using restriction proteases such as bloodcoagulation Factor Xa and kallikrein those recognizing sequences neverexisting in aldolase as the recognition sequences.

As the generation culture medium, culture media for general use inculturing Escherichia coli, such as M9-casamino acid culture medium andLB culture medium may be used. Additionally, the culture conditions andthe conditions for inducing the generation are appropriately selected,depending on the types of the marker, promoter, and host bacterium forthe vector used.

For recovering the aldolase or the fusion protein of the aldolase withanother protein, the following processes are used.

When the aldolase or the fusion protein is solubilized in microbialcells, the microbial cells are once recovered, which are then disruptedor lysed for use as a crude enzyme solution. If necessary, further, thealdolase and the fusion protein thereof may be purified by generalmethods such as precipitation, filtration and column chromatography,prior to use. In this case, purification methods using antibodiesagainst the aldolase or the fusion protein may also be used.

A protein inclusion body, when formed, is solubilized with a denaturingagent. The protein inclusion body may be solubilized together with themicrobial cell protein. In terms of the following purificationprocedure, however, the inclusion body is preferably taken out and thensolubilized. The inclusion body may be recovered from the microbialcells by known methods in the related art. For example, the microbialcells are disrupted to recover the inclusion body by centrifugationprocedures. The denaturing agent for solubilizing the protein inclusionbody includes for example guanidine hydrochloride (for example, 6M, pH 5to 8) and urea (for example, 8 M).

By removing these denaturing agents by incremental dialysis and thelike, the resulting protein may be regenerated as a protein with theactivity. As the dialysis solution for use in the dialysis, Tris-HClbuffer and phosphate buffer may be used. The concentration includes forexample 20 mM to 0.5 M at pH 5 to 8.

The protein concentration at the regeneration step is preferablysuppressed to about 500 82 g/ml or less. So as to suppress theself-crosslinking of the regenerated aldolase, the temperature for thedialysis is preferably 5° C. or less. The process of removing thedenaturing agents includes dilution process and ultrafiltration processother than the dialysis process. Using any of these processes, theregeneration of the activity may be expected.

In case that the aldolase gene is derived from microorganism of thegenus Pseudomonas, additionally, the aldolase may be expressed andgenerated in a host microorganism of genus Pseudomonas as a preferableembodiment. For example, Shi-En Lu, et al. reported a transformation andexpression method in Pseudomonas syringae as the host cell (FEMSMicrobiology Letters, 2002, 210, pp. 115-121). Additionally, Olsen, R.H., et al. reported about the transformation and expression method inPseudomonas aeruginosa (Journal of Bacteriology, 1982, 150, pp. 60-69).Further, Grapner, S., et al. report about the transformation andexpression method in Pseudomonas stutzeri (Biomol. Eng., 2000, 17, pp.11-16). However, microorganisms of genus Pseudomonas as host cells forthe expression of the aldolase are not limited to those recited herein.

Concerning the vector for introducing the aldolase gene intomicroorganism of genus Pseudomonas, a plasmid with an replication orifunctioning inside cells of microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas maybe used. For example, Eza Kalyaeva, et al. report the plasmid pKLH4.05with the replicon TFK functioning in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Additionally, so-called vectors for wide host ranges may also be used,which is used for transformation of Gram-negative microorganism. It isknown that among these vectors, for example, RK404 (Ditta, G., et al.,Plasmid, 1985, 13, pp. 149-153) and RSF1010 (Frey, J., et al., Gene,1982, 24, pp. 289-296) function in Pseudomonas microorganism.

When the DNA of SEQ ID No. 1 in the sequence listing is used as the DNAencoding the aldolase, the aldolase of the amino acid sequence SEQ IDNo. 2 or 3 is generated.

(II) Reaction Conditions for Reaction 2

The reaction conditions for reaction 2 when using an enzymatic systemare described below.

As the enzyme catalyzing reaction 2, any enzyme catalyzing the reactionfor synthesizing the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (4)via the aldol condensation of the substituted α-keto acid represented byformula (3) and oxaloacetic acid or pyruvic acid may be used, with nospecific limitation. In other words, any enzyme derived frommicroorganisms or obtained by genetic engineering technology may besatisfactory, as long as the enzyme catalyzes the reaction.

As such enzyme, the aldolase described in the item (I) Enzyme for use inreaction 2 is preferable. In this case, the aldolase obtained byculturing microbial cells generating the aldolase catalyzing reaction 2from genera Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium and Xanthomonas may beused. Alternatively, the aldolase obtained by preparing a transformantgenerating aldolase catalyzing the reaction by recombinant DNAtechnology and then culturing the transformant may be used.

The term “in the presence of an enzyme” in reaction 2 means that anenzyme is allowed to exist in the reaction system, while the enzyme isat its state to enable catalyzing the reaction for syntheticallypreparing the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (4) fromthe substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (3) and oxaloaceticacid or pyruvic acid. For example, the enzyme may singly be added to thereaction system or a microorganism with the activity of the enzyme(e.g., aldolase-generating microorganism, cells transformed byrecombinant DNA, etc.), a culture of the microorganism (e.g., liquidculture, solid culture, etc.), a culture media (e.g., the culture fromwhich microbial cells are removed), and treated products of the culturemay be added to the reaction system.

When the culture of the microorganism is used, reaction 2 is progressedwhile the microorganism is simultaneously cultured. Otherwise, reaction2 is performed using the culture prepared by preliminary culturing so asto obtain the enzyme. Additionally, the term “treatment” means treatmentfor the purpose of recovering the enzyme from microbial cells andincludes for example treatments with ultrasonication, glass bead, Frenchpress, and freeze-drying and treatments with lysed enzymes, organicsolvents, detergents or the like. Additionally, any crude fractionatedenzyme or purified enzyme as prepared by further processing the treatedproduct after these treatment by routine methods (e.g., liquidchromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, etc.) may besatisfactory, as long as the crude or purified enzyme has the abilityrequired.

When the substituted α-keto acid of formula (4) is produced using thealdolase-generating bacterium or a cell transformed by recombinant DNA,the substrates may be added to the liquid culture during the culture.Otherwise, any of the microbial cells separated from the liquid cultureand the rinsed microbial cells may be used. Additionally, the microbialcell-treated product prepared by disrupting or lysing the microbialcells may be used as it is or the aldolase recovered from the microbialcell-treated product is used as a crude enzyme solution, from which theenzyme is purified and used as well.

When using the culture or the treated product, further, the culture orthe treated product may be included in carrageenan and polyacrylamide ormay be immobilized on a film of polyether sulfone and regeneratedcellulose for use.

For progressing reaction 2 in the presence of an enzyme, a reactionsolution containing at least one of the substituted α-keto acidrepresented by formula (3), oxaloacetic acid or pyruvic acid and theenzyme catalyzing reaction 2 is adjusted to an appropriate temperatureof 20 to 50° C., which is then left to stand alone or is shaken oragitated while the pH is kept at 6 to 12 for 30 minutes to 5 days.

The reaction velocity may be increased by adding divalent cations suchas Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Co²⁺ to the reaction solution. From thestandpoint of cost, preferably, Mg²⁺ may sometimes be used.

For adding these divalent cations to the reaction solution, any saltthereof may be used as long as the salt never inhibits the reaction.Preferably, MgCl₂, MgSO₄, MnSO₄ or the like may be used. A personskilled in the art may determine the concentration of these divalentcations to be added, by simple preliminary experiments. The divalentcations may be added within a range of 0.01 mM to 10 mM, preferably 0.1mM to 5 mM, more preferably 0.5 mM to 2 mM.

One example of the reaction conditions preferable for performingreaction 2 is described below. To the reaction solution consisting of100 mM buffer, 50 mM indole-3-pyruvic acid, 250 mM pyruvic acid, 1 mMMgCl₂, and 1 v/v % toluene, rinsed E. coli microbial cells expressingthe aldolase are added as the enzyme source to 10 w/v %, for reactionunder shaking at 33° C. for 4 hours, to obtain4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (IHOG).

The resulting substituted α-keto acid of formula (4) may be separatedand purified by known methods. For example, the known methods include amethod of contacting the substituted α-keto acid with an ion exchangeresin to adsorb basic amino acids, and eluting and subsequentlycrystallizing the resulting substituted α-keto acid; and a method ofeluting the substituted α-keto acid, decoloring and filtering thesubstituted α-keto acid with active charcoal and then crystallizing thesubstituted α-keto acid.

Via reaction 2, the precursor keto-acid (IHOG) useful as an intermediatefor monatin synthesis may be generated from indole-3-pyruvic acid andpyruvic acid (or oxaloacetic acid).

[C] Reaction 3

The reaction 3 of the invention is a reaction related to monatinproduction and is preferably used for the synthesis of monatin from theprecursor keto acid (IHOG). However, the reaction 3 may be used not onlyfor the synthesis of monatin but also may be used widely for thereaction of producing glutamate derivatives of formula (2) from thesubstituted α-keto acid of formula (1).

Herein, R¹ and R² independently represent a substituent selected fromthe group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a C1 to C8 alkyl group, a C1 toC8 alkoxyl group, a C2 to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl group having upto 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, aheterocyclic group-containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl group.When either of R¹ and R² represents a hydrogen atom, the other is not ahydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group. When either one of R¹and R² represents a hydroxyl group, the other is not a hydrogen atom ora methyl group.

The aromatic ring or the heterocyclic ring contained in the substituentR¹ in the formula may contain at least one of halogen atoms, a hydroxylgroup, alkyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms, alkoxyl group with up to3 carbon atoms, and an amino group.

Among the foregoing, preferably, R¹ is selected from the groupconsisting of a C₂ to C₄ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₄ carboxyalkyl group, aphenylmethyl group and a 3-indolylmethyl group (the benzene ring or theindole ring may additionally contain at least one of halogen atoms(iodine atom, bromine atom, chlorine atom, fluorine atom, etc.)), ahydroxyl group, an alkyl group having up to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxylgroup having up to 3 carbon atoms and an amino group) and R² is ahydroxyl group. More preferably, R¹ is a phenylmethyl group or a3-indolylmethyl group and R² is a hydroxyl group.

In case that R¹ is a 3-indolylmethyl group and R² is a hydroxyl group,i.e. that IHOG (4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid) isused as the substituted α-keto acid of formula (1), monatin may beobtained as the glutamate derivative of formula (2).

In case that R¹ is a phenylmethyl group and R² is a hydroxyl group, i.e.that PHOG (4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid) is used as thesubstituted α-keto acid of formula (1), a monatin analog4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-glutamic acid (PHG) may be obtained as theglutamate derivative of formula (2).

As the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (1) as thesubstrate, the substituted α-keto acid of formula (4) as obtained by theprocess described in the item [B] of Reaction 2 is preferably used. Morepreferably, IHOG prepared by the process in the item [B] of Reaction 2,using indole-3-pyruvic acid prepared by the process described in theitem [A] of Reaction 1 is used. However, reasonably, the process ofpreparing the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (1) is notlimited to these processes described above.

Reaction 3 utilizes the reaction of the enzyme catalyzing the reactionfor generating an amino acid corresponding to the substituted α-ketoacid as the substrate. Reaction 3 relates, for example, to a process ofproducing glutamate derivatives by reacting a protein catalyzingtransamination or a microorganism generating the protein. Herein, theterm “transamination” means a reaction for converting a precursor ketonecompound to the corresponding amino compound by transferring the aminogroup of the donor substrate to the ketone group of the acceptorcompound.

The mode for carrying out the reaction 3 of the invention is nowdescribed in detail in the following order.

-   -   (C-1) Enzyme for use in reaction 3    -   (C-2) Reaction conditions for reaction 3.    -   (C-1) Enzyme catalyzing the reaction for generating amino acid

For reaction 3, the enzyme catalyzing the reaction for generating anamino acid corresponding to the substituted α-keto acid as the substrateindividually includes for example a transaminase as an enzyme catalyzingtransamination and additionally includes a dehydrogenase as the enzymecatalyzing the reductive amination of the keto acid. The transaminasefor use in reaction 3 is satisfactorily an enzyme catalyzing thereaction for generating a glutamate derivative from a correspondingsubstituted α-keto acid and an amino donor as the starting materials.Via the action of such enzyme, the substituted α-keto acid representedby formula (1) may be converted to the corresponding glutamatederivative (represented by formula (2)).

As the amino donor, then, a compound containing an amino group is used.For example, the compound includes amino compounds such as L-amino acidsand D-amino acids naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring.Specifically, the amino acids include for example glutamic acid,aspartic acid, alanine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine,tyrosine, valine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, methionine, omithine,serine, cysteine, histidine and lysine. The amino donor to be added forthe reaction may be a single one type or a mixture of plural types ofsuch donors.

Generally, L-amino acid transaminase generates an intended L-amino acidby transferring the amino group of an L-amino acid donor to theprecursor keto acid, while D-amino acid transaminase generates anintended D-amino acid by transferring the amino group of a D-amino aciddonor to the precursor keto acid. Via the selection of such enzyme, anoptical isomer of a glutamate derivative to be generated may also beselected. For example, the reaction with D-amino acid transaminase inthe presence of D-amino acids such as D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, andD-aspartic acid may selectively generate D-glutamate derivatives fromthe precursor keto acid.

As described above, monatin as one of glutamate derivatives as theobject of the invention includes three optical isomers in addition tothe naturally occurring type (2S, 4S). It has been confirmed that any ofthese isomers has a sweetness intensities several hundreds-fold to somethousands-fold that of sucrose. In one of the preferable embodiments ofthe present invention, the reaction of D-amino acid transaminase withthe precursor keto acid for monatin may generate the 2R form of monatinstereo-selectively, while the reaction of L-amino acid transaminase withthe precursor may generate the 2S form of monatin stereo-selectively. Inone of more preferable embodiments, the use of D-amino acid transaminasemay generate selectively the 2R form thereof as an isomer having highersweetness level.

When it is intended to use D-amino acid as an amino donor, herein, thecorresponding L-amino acid is added to the reaction solution, to allowthe amino acid to exist concurrently with an enzyme catalyzing theracemization reaction of the amino acid, so that the donor may besupplied as a D-amino acid donor. As such racemization enzyme,preferable examples thereof include alanine racemase, glutamic acidracemase, aspartic acid racemase, and phenylalanine racemase. In thiscase, L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-aspartic acid orracemic mixtures of these L-amino acids may be added to the reactionsolution, while D-glutamate derivatives are under way of generation.

The enzyme catalyzing transamination may also be prepared by cultivatinga microorganism generating such enzyme. Such microorganism includes forexample microorganisms belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Agrobacterium,Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Escherichia, Proteus, Morganellaand Paenibacillus.

Specifically, these microorganisms include for example those describedbelow. In other words, the microorganism generating L-amino acidtransaminase with an activity for generating glutamate derivativesdescribed in formula (2) from the substituted α-keto acid described informula (1) include the following examples.

-   -   Aeromonas hydrophila IFO3820    -   Agrobacterium tumefaciens IFO3058    -   Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC8750    -   Beijerinckia indica ATCC9037    -   Escherichia coli ATCC12814    -   Proteus rettgeri IFO13501    -   Morganella morganii IFO3848        Additionally, the microorganisms generating D-amino acid        transaminase include the following examples.    -   Bacillus sphaericus ATCC10208    -   Bacillus pulvifaciens AJ11327    -   Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens ATCC13537    -   Bacillus macerans AJ1617    -   Paenibacillus macerans ATCC8244    -   Bacillus lentus AJ12699    -   Bacillus lentus ATCC10840

Herein, Bacillus macerans AJ1617 has been deposited as follows.

-   Bacillus macerans strain AJ1617    -   (a) Accession No. FERM BP-8243 (transferred from FERM P-18653 to        the International Patent Organism Depositary, Nov. 22, 2002).    -   (b) Deposition date: Dec. 13, 2001    -   (c) Depositary Organization: International Patent Organism        Depositary, The Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and        Technology (No. 6, Chuo, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,        Japan)

The microorganisms may satisfactorily be microbial strains newlyseparated from the natural resources, such as in soil and from plants ormay satisfactorily be microbial strains artificially prepared bytreatment with mutagenic chemicals and recombinant DNA technology.

In one of preferable embodiments of the present invention, an intendedgene encoding an enzyme catalyzing the intended transamination from thesubstituted α-keto acid to glutamate derivatives may be integrated intomicrobial cells as well. Numerous examples for preparing useful proteinssuch as enzyme and physiologically active substances using recombinantDNA technology have been known. The use of recombinant DNA technologyenables mass preparation of useful proteins from natural origins at atrace amount. The gene to be integrated includes L-amino acidtransaminase genes and D-amino acid transaminase genes. One possibleexample is the introduction of D-amino acid transaminase genes fromBacillus sphaericus or Bacillus macerans into microorganisms.

European Patent Publication 0 736 604 and Taylor, et al., Journal ofBacteriol., 1998, Vol. 180, No. 16, p. 4319 report about the D-aminoacid transaminase gene derived from Bacillus sphaericus.

As the D-amino acid transaminase gene derived from Bacillus macerans,additionally, the DNA of the D-amino acid transaminase gene derived fromBacillus macerans may be used, which is described as SEQ ID No. 17 inthe sequence listing. When the DNA of the D-amino acid transaminase genederived from Bacillus macerans as described as SEQ ID No. 17 in thesequence listing is used, the D-amino acid transaminase described as SEQID No. 18 in the sequence listing may be obtained. Herein, the geneencoding the D-amino acid transaminase from Bacillus macerans and theamino acid sequence thereof are first elucidated by the inventors.

The origin of the D-amino acid transaminase gene is not limited to it.Any gene encoding D-amino acid transaminase generating an intendedD-glutamate derivative may be satisfactory.

In case of mass production of a protein using recombinant DNAtechnology, microbial cells, actinomycetes cells, yeast cells, fungalcells, plant cells, animal cells or the like may be used as the hostcells to be transformed. Among them, microorganisms, for which theknowledge with recombinant DNA technology exists, include for exampleBacillus, Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Streptomyces andEscherichia coli. Owing to numerous findings about the technique formass production of protein using bacteria of Escherichia, bacteria ofEscherichia are generally used. Preferably, Escherichia coli is used.

Using vectors such as plasmid or phage carrying the intended gene of atransaminase, the gene may satisfactorily be introduced into thesemicroorganisms. Otherwise, the intended gene may be integrated into thechromosome of the cell by homologous recombination. So-called multi-copyplasmid vectors are preferable and include for example plasmids with anorigin of replication as derived from Col E1 as the vector forEscherichia coli, which are for example pUC-base plasmids, pBR322-baseplasmids or derivatives thereof. For these vectors, promoters forgeneral use in protein production in Escherichia coli may be used as thepromoter for expressing the intended transaminase gene and includestrong promoters for example T7 promoter, trp promoter, lac promoter,tac promoter and PL promoter. To increase the productivity, a terminatoras a transcription termination sequence is preferably conjugated to thedownstream of the protein gene. Such terminator includes for example T7terminator, fd phage terminator, T4 terminator, terminators fortetracycline resistant gene, and terminators for Escherichia coli trp Agene. Additionally for screening transformants, preferably, the vectorhas a marker such as ampicillin resistant gene. As such plasmids,expression vectors with strong promoters are commercially available,such as pUC series (manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.), pPROK series(manufactured by Clontech Laboratories, Inc.), and pKK233-2(manufactured by Clontech Laboratories, Inc.).

For a method for culturing a microorganism generating an enzyme for usein reaction 3, culture media for general use in the field, namelyculture media containing carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganicsalts, trace metal salts, and vitamins may be used. Depending on thetype of a microorganism or the culture conditions, about 0.1 to 1.0 g/dlof amino compounds such as amino acid is added to such culture medium,to promote the transamination activity.

When culturing genetic recombinant cells, chemicals such as ampicillin,kanamycin, neomycin and chloramphenicol may be appropriately added in amanner depending on the selected marker for the vector. Depending on thepromoter carried on the vector, the expression level of the recombinantgene may be raised by adding an appropriate amount of an inductionagent. In case of conjugating an intended gene to the downstream of thelac promoter to construct a vector, in one example, isopropyl1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) is possibly added at an amount to afinal concentration range of 0.1 mM to 5 mM. Instead, galactose may beadded appropriately to a final concentration of 0.1 to 5 g/dl,preferably 0.5 g/dl to 2 g/dl.

As substances for use as the culture medium components, for example, anycarbon source that is compatible with the microorganism to be used maybe satisfactory with no specific limitation. For example, glucose,sucrose, fructose, glycerol and acetic acid or mixtures of them may beused. As the nitrogen source, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, urea,yeast extract, meat extract, corn steep liquor, and casein hydrolyzedproducts or mixtures of them may be used. As a culture mediumcomposition, for example, a culture medium containing 0.5 g/dl fumaricacid, 1 g/dl yeast extract, 1 g/dl peptone, 0.3 g/dl ammonium sulfate,0.3 g/dl K₂HPO₄, 0.1 g/dl KH₂PO₄, 1 mg/dl FeSO₄.7H₂O, and 1 mg/dlMnSO₄.4H₂O, pH 7.0 is listed.

The culture temperature is generally within a range where microorganismsused may grow, namely a range of 10 to 45° C. The temperature ispreferably within a range of 20 to 40° C., more preferably within arange of 25 to 37° C. The pH of the culture medium is adjusted to arange of preferably 2 to 12, more preferably 3 to 10, still morepreferably 4 to 8. The aeration conditions are set to conditionssuitable for the growth of microorganisms used. Aerobic conditions arepreferable. The culture period is generally about 12 to 120 hours,preferably about 24 to 96 hours.

(C-2) Reaction Conditions for Reaction 3

The reaction 3 characteristically produces glutamate derivatives of thegeneral formula (2) from the substituted α-keto acid represented byformula (1).

The term “in the presence of an enzyme” for reaction 3 means that theenzyme should exist at its state to enable the generation of glutamatederivatives of formula (2) from the substituted α-keto acid representedby formula (1) in the reaction system. In other words, the enzyme mayexist at any state in the reaction system as long as the enzyme mayconvert the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (1) to theglutamate derivative general formula (2). For example, the enzyme maysingly be added to the reaction system.

Otherwise, a microorganism with the enzyme activity (e.g. microorganismgenerating the enzyme, cells transformed with recombinant DNA, etc.), aculture of the microorganism (e.g., liquid culture, solid culture,etc.), a culture medium (e.g., cultures from which microbial cells arepreliminarily eliminated), and treated products of the culture may alsobe added to the reaction system. When using cultures of microorganisms,reaction 3 may be progressed concurrently with culturing themicroorganisms, or reaction 3 may be performed using culturespreliminarily prepared for obtaining the enzyme.

Herein, the term “treatment” means treatment for the purpose ofrecovering the enzyme in microbial cells and includes for exampletreatments with ultrasonication, glass bead, French press, andfreeze-drying and treatments with lysed enzyme, organic solvents,detergents and the like. The treated products after these treatments maybe further treated by routine processes (liquid chromatography, ammoniumsulfate and the like), to recover crude fractionated enzymes or purifiedenzymes. When these enzymes have the required ability, they also may beused.

Furthermore, the culture or treated product when used may be included incarrageenan gel or polyacrylamide or may be immobilized on films ofpolyether sulfone, regenerated cellulose and the like.

In reaction 3, the substituted α-keto acid as the substrate includes forexample the substituted α-keto acid represented by formula (1).

The reaction system may satisfactorily contain coenzymes, detergents,organic solvents and the like to accelerate the reaction. So as toincrease the permeability of the substituted α-keto acid as thesubstrate into microbial cells, for example, detergents such as Triton Xand Tween and organic solvents such as toluene and xylene may also beused. Further, coenzymes such as pyridoxal-5-phosphate may also be addedto the culture medium.

When dividing the culture for the generation of the enzyme and thereaction 3 and then sequentially carrying out these steps, the latterreaction 3 step is not necessarily done in an aerobic atmosphere. In ananaerobic atmosphere, rather, reaction 3 may be performed in a reactionsystem from which dissolved oxygen in the reaction solution is removedwith nitrogen gas substitution, argon gas substitution and sodiumsulfite addition.

The reaction temperature is generally within a temperature range wherethe enzyme used may be active, preferably within a range of 10 to 50°C., more preferably within a range of 20 to 40° C., and still morepreferably within a range of 25 to 37° C. The pH of the reactionsolution is adjusted to a range of generally 2 to 12, preferably 6 to 11and more preferably 7 to 9. The reaction time is generally about 1 to120 hours, preferably about 1 to 72 hours and more preferably about 1 to24 hours.

When determining the glutamate derivative or the substituted α-keto acidquantities in the liquid culture or the reaction solution, further, theglutamate derivative or the substituted α-keto acid may be assayedimmediately using well-known methods. For simple procedure, thin layerchromatography using “Silica gel 60F254” manufactured by Merck Ltd. maybe used. For enhancing the analytical precision, high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) utilizing optical resolution columns such as“Inertsil ODS-80A” manufactured by GL Sciences, Inc. and “CROWNPAK CR(+)” manufactured by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. may be used. Insuch manner, the glutamate derivative accumulated in the liquid cultureor the reaction solution may be collected from the liquid culture or thereaction solution by routine methods, prior to use. For the collectionfrom the liquid culture or the reaction solution, an appropriatecombination of well-known measures for general use in this field, forexample procedures such as filtration, centrifugation, vacuumconcentration, ion exchange chromatography, adsorption chromatographyand crystallization may be used.

The intended glutamate derivative may be obtained in the free form. Ifnecessary, the glutamate derivative may also be recovered in a salt formthereof. The salt form includes salts thereof with bases. For example,inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide andcalcium hydroxide and organic bases such as ammonia and various aminesare listed.

The above written description of the invention provides a manner andprocess of making and using it such that any person skilled in this artis enabled to make and use the same, this enablement being provided inparticular for the subject matter of the appended claims, which make upa part of the original description.

As used herein, the phrases “selected from the group consisting of”“chosen from,” and the like include mixtures of the specified materials.

Where a numerical limit or range is stated herein, the endpoints areincluded. Also, all values and subranges within a numerical limit orrange are specifically included as if explicitly written out.

The above description is presented to enable a person skilled in the artto make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of aparticular application and its requirements. Various modifications tothe preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled inthe art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied toother embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. Thus, this invention is not intended to belimited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scopeconsistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

Having generally described this invention, a further understanding maybe obtained by reference to certain specific examples, which areprovided herein for purposes of illustration only, and are not intendedto be limiting unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLES

The invention is now described in detail in the following examples, butthe invention is not limited to only these examples.

Example 1

Example 1 relates to reaction 1 of the invention. In Example 1,L-tryptophan, indole-3-pyruvic acid and indoleacetic acid were measuredby high performance liquid chromatography (column: liertsil ODS-2(4.6×250 mm); column temperature: 40° C.; eluate: 0.1 M KH₂PO₄—H₃PO₄(pH=2.80)/CH₃CN=1/9 to 5/5; flow rate of 1.0 ml/min; detection: UV 210rnm).

(1-1) Generation of Indole-3-pyruvic Acid from L-Trp Via the Reaction ofMicrobial Cells with Amino Acid Oxidase Activity

50 ml of a culture medium, pH 7.0 containing 1 g/dl yeast extract, 1g/dl polypeptone, 0.3 g/dl (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.3 g/dl K₂HPO₄, 0.1 g/dl KH₂PO₄,0.05 g/dl MgSO₄.7H₂O, 1 mg/dl FeSO₄.7H₂O, and 1 mg/dl MnSO₄.4H₂O wereplaced in a 500-ml Sakaguchi flask for sterilization at 110° C. for 10minutes.

One loop of Achromobacter sp. AJ2425, Proteus rettgeri IFO13501 orMorganella morganii IFO3168 preliminarily cultured in a bouillon agarculture medium at 30° C. for 24 hours was inoculated to the culturemedium and cultured with agitation at 30° C. for 24 hours. Afterculturing, microbial cells were harvested from the culture bycentrifugation, individually rinsed in 50 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer,pH 7.6, and prepared as rinsed microbial cells, again by centrifugation.

These wet microbial cells were added to a reaction solution of 1 g/dlL-tryptophan and 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0 to a wet microbial cellweight of 1 w/v %. 1 ml of the reaction solution was transferred into a5-ml test tube, for shaking at 30° C. for one hour to facilitate theproduct conversion. After the completion of the reaction, the amount ofgenerated indole-3-pyruvic acid, the amount of residual L-tryptophan(L-Trp) and the amount of the by-product indoleacetic acid (IAA) weremeasured (see Table 1). TABLE 1 Amount of indole pyruvic acid generatedfrom L-tryptophan Strains L-Trp (g/dl) IPA (g/dl) IAA (g/dl)Achromobacter sp. AJ2425 0.02 0.97 0.03 Proteus rettgeri IFO13501 0 0.980.03 Morganella morganii IFO3168 0 0.99 0.02

Consequently, indole-3-pyruvic acid of 0.97 to 0.99 g/dl was accumulatedin any of the experimental lots where the reaction with the rinsedmicrobial cells was performed. Thus, indole-3-pyruvic acid was almostquantitatively generated from 1 g/dl L-tryptophan.

(1-2) Recovery of Indole-3-pyruvic Acid by Nitrogen Gas SubstitutionTreatment of the Reaction Solution with the Rinsed Microbial Cells ofMorganella morganii IFO3168 and Crystallization in Hydrochloric Acid

(a) Preparation of the Reaction Solution with the Rinsed Microbial Cellsof Morganella morganii IFO3168

By the same method as in (1-1), the rinsed microbial cells of Morganellamorganii IFO3168 were prepared. Six Sakaguchi's flasks containing 50 mlof the reaction solution of 1 g/dl L-tryptophan and 20 mM Tris-HClbuffer, pH 8.0 were prepared. The wet microbial cells prepared wereadded to the individual flasks to a wet microbial cell weight of 1 w/v%, for reaction under shaking at 30° C. for one hour. After thecompletion of the reaction, the microbial cells were removed bycentrifugation, to obtain the reaction solution of about 290 ml.

(b) Recovery of Indole-3-pyruvic Acid by Nitrogen Gas Substitution ofthe Reaction Solution and Acid Crystallization

74 ml of the reaction solution obtained in (a) were transferred into around-bottom flask for nitrogen gas substitution. Hydrochloric acid wasadded so as to adjust the reaction solution to pH 2 or less. 15 ml of 6Nhydrochloric acid were added to 74 ml of the reaction solution (to afinal hydrochloric acid concentration of about 1 N), and the mixture isstirred at 20° C. Through the procedure, the crystal was deposited. 24hours later, the mixture was filtered. The resulting crystal was rinsedin 15 ml of water. The wet crystal thus obtained was dried under reducedpressure at 40° C., and obtained indole-3-pyruvic acid was 684 mg (yieldof 79.5% from the starting tryptophan). The resulting indole-3-pyruvicacid was a yellowish white crystal, and the content was 97.2 wt % byhigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

(c) Recovery of Indole-3-pyruvic Acid by Acid Crystallization ofReaction Solution

66 ml of the reaction solution obtained in (a) were transferred into around-bottom flask. 6N Hydrochloric acid of 13 ml was added so as toadjust the reaction solution to pH 2 or less and stirred at 20° C.Through the procedure, the crystal was deposited. 24 hours later, themixture was filtered. The resulting crystal was rinsed in 13 ml ofwater. The wet crystal thus obtained was dried under reduced pressure at40° C., to obtain indole-3-pyruvic acid at 538 mg (yield of 58.2% fromthe starting tryptophan). The resulting indole-3-pyruvic acid was a darkbrown crystal, and the content was 80.5 wt % measured by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

(d) Comparison of the Obtained Indole-3-pyruvic Acid

The indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) thus obtained in (b) was compared withthat obtained in (c) in terms of crystal quality (see Table 2).

As apparently shown from these results, the lot (b) having involvednitrogen gas substitution included a higher IPA content and a reducedcontent of the by-product indoleacetic acid (IAA) as an impurity in thecrystal. Further, the coloring of the resulting crystal was suppressedin the lot having involved nitrogen gas substitution. The crystals inthe individual lots was diluted to 10 mg/dl, of which the transmittanceat 450 nm and 400 nm was then measured. It was confirmed that thetransmittance in the nitrogen gas substitution lot was reduced, i.e. thecoloring via decomposition was suppressed. TABLE 2 IPA crystal qualityWith nitrogen Without nitrogen substitution (b) substitution (c) IPAcontent in crystal 97.30% 80.50% IAA content in crystal  0.18%  1.54%Crystal color yellowish white dark brown Transmittance (450 nm)  96.9% T 82.9% T Transmittance (400 nm)  94.1% T  75.9% T

As apparently shown in the results, indole-3-pyruvic acid mayefficiently be produced from tryptophan in a simple manner.

Example 2

In Example 2, the reaction 2 is performed using a chemical syntheticsystem.

(2-1) Synthesis of 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid(IHOG)

7.50 g of indole-3-pyruvic acid (35.8 mmol; content of 97.0% by weight)and 14.18 g of oxaloacetic acid (107.4 mmol) were added to and dissolvedin 64.45 ml of water preliminarily dissolving 18.91 g of potassiumhydroxide (286.5 mmol; content of 85% by weight) therein. The mixturesolution was agitated at 35° C. for 24 hours.

Further, 40.0 ml of 3N hydrochloric acid was added for neutralization(pH 7.0), to obtain a neutralized reaction solution of 153.5 g. Theneutralized reaction solution contained 5.55 g of IHOG, so the yield was53.3% (vs. indole-3-pyruvic acid).

Water was added to the neutralized reaction solution to 168 ml andpassed through a resin column (diameter of 4.8 cm) packed with 840 ml ofa synthetic adsorbent (DIAION-SP207 manufactured by Mitsubishi ChemicalCorporation). Further, pure water passed through the column at a flowrate of 23.5 ml/minute, to collect 1.73 to 2.55 (L/L-R) to obtain anaqueous solution containing 3.04 g of IHOG at high purity at a yield of54.7% (vs. the charged amount to the resin).

(NMR measurement) ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): 3.03 (d, 1H, J=14.6 Hz), 3.11(d, 1H, J=14.6 Hz), 3.21 (d, 1H, J=18.1 Hz), 3.40 (d, 1H, J=18.1 Hz),7.06-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.39 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.66 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz).¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, D₂O): 35.43, 47.91, 77.28, 109.49, 112.05, 119.44,119.67, 121.91, 125.42, 128.41, 136.21, 169.78, 181.43, 203.58

(2-2) Synthesis of 4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (PHOG)

5.0 g (30.5 mmol) of phenylpyruvic acid and 12.1 g (91.4 mmol) ofoxaloacetic acid were added to 25 ml of water preliminarily dissolving13.8 g of potassium hydroxide (purity of 85%) therein, for reaction atambient temperature for 72 hours. Using the conc. hydrochloric acid, thereaction solution was adjusted to pH 2.2, for extraction into ethylacetate. The organic layer was rinsed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated toobtain the residue. The residue was recrystallized in ethyl acetate andtoluene to obtain PHOG of 2.8 g (11.3 mmoL) in crystal.

(NMR measurement) ¹H NMR (D₂O) δ: 2.48 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 0.18H), 2.60 (d,J=14.4 Hz, 0.18H), 2.85-3.30 (m, 3.64H), 7.17-7.36 (m, 5H) (Measurementof molecular weight) Theoretical value by ESI-MS: C₁₂H₁₂O₆=252.23Experimental value: 251.22 (MH⁻)

Example 3

In example 3, reaction 2 is performed using an enzymatic system. InExample 3, herein, IHOG and PHOG used as substrates were syntheticallyprepared by the method described in Example 2.

(3-1) Screening of Microorganism with the Activity of Aldolase for PHOG(Referred to as PHOG Activity Hereinafter)

Screening of microbial strains having the aldolase activity wasperformed, wherein 4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (PHOG)was used as a substrate.

Test microorganisms (bacteria and yeast) were inoculated on a bouillonplate culture medium (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.), for culturing at 30° C.for 24 hours. The resulting culture was inoculated on a plate containing0.5 g/dl glycerol, 0.5 g/dl fumaric acid, 0.3 g/dl yeast extract, 0.2g/dl peptone, 0.3 g/dl ammonium sulfate, 0.3 g/dl K₂HPO₄, 0.1 g/dlKH₂PO₄, 0.05 g/dl MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.25 g/dl sodium phthalate, and 2 g/dlagar powder (pH 6.5), for culturing at 30° C. for 24 hours. Theresulting microbial cells were then inoculated in a reaction solution of100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM PHOG, 1 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM potassiumphosphate solution (KPi) and 1 v/v % toluene to a wet microbial cellweight of about 1 w/v %, for reaction at 30° C. for 24 hours.

The concentration of the free pyruvic acid in the reaction solution wasmeasured by an enzymatic method using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). 10 μLof sample was added to 200 μL of a reaction solution of 100 mM Tris-HCl,pH 8.0, 1.5 mM NADH, 5 mM MgCl₂, and 25 U/ml LDH, for incubation at 30°C. for 10 minutes. The absorbance at 340 mM was measured after thereaction, to determine the amount of pyruvic acid in the sample, basedon a reduction in the amount of NADH.

Additionally, the amount of the phenylpyruvic acid generated was assayedby HPLC analysis using “Inertsil ODS-2” (5 μm, 4.6×250 mm) manufacturedby GL Sciences, Inc. The analytical conditions are as follows.

Mobile phase: 20 v/v % acetonitrile/aqueous 0.05 v/v % trifluoroaceticacid solution

-   Flow rate: 1 ml/min-   Column temperature: 40° C.-   Detection: Uv 210 nm.

Under these conditions, PHOG was eluted at a retention time of about 9.8minutes, while phenylpyruvic acid was eluted at a retention time ofabout 12 minutes. These were individually fractionated and assayed.

The value of the amount of pyruvic acid or phenylpyruvic acid generatedfrom PHOG in the test microbial cell-added lot minus the amount thereofin the control lot (no microbial cell-added lot) was defined as theamount thereof generated with aldolase. Consequently, the aldolaseactivity for the substrate PHOG was found in the microbial strains shownin Table 3. TABLE 3 Screening results of microbial strains with PHOGaldolase activity Pyruvic Phenylpyruvic Strains acid (mM) acid (mM)Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683 34.9 35.0 Pseudomonas coronafaciensAJ2791 33.6 33.9 Pseudomonas desmolytica AJ1582 1.1 2.9 Erwinia sp.AJ2917 0.8 3.0 Flavobacterium rhenanum AJ2468 3.0 6.1 Xanthomonas citriAJ2797 1.0 3.2

Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683 was selected, and the PHOG syntheticreaction from phenylpyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid or pyruvic acidwas examined. The microbial cells of P. taetrolens ATCC4683 (AJ2212)were inoculated in a reaction solution of 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mMphenylpyruvic acid, 1 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM KPi, 100 mM oxaloacetic acid orpyruvic acid and 1 w/w % toluene to a final concentration of about 1 w/v%, for reaction at 30° C. for 16 hours. After the completion of thereaction, the amount of PHOG generated was assayed by HPLC. The amountof PHOG generated from phenylpyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid orpyruvic acid is shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 Amount of PHOG generated fromphenylpyruvic acid and oxaloacetie acid or pyruvic acid Oxaloacetic acidlot Pyruvic acid lot Microbial cell-added lot 14.3 mM 9.3 mM Control lot(Mg added)  8.6 1.7 Control lot (no Mg added) Trace N.D.

Table 4 shows that the amount of PHOG generated in the microbialcell-added lot increased and that the activity of aldolase may generatePHOG from any combinations of phenylpyruvic acid+oxaloacetic acid and ofphenylpyruvic acid+pyruvic acid.

(3-2) Purification of Aldolase Derived from Pseudomonas taetrolensATCC4683 for IHOG

Aldolase for IHOG (sometimes referred to as IHOG aldolase hereinafter)was purified as follows from a soluble fraction of the P. taetrolensstrain ATCC4683. As to the assaying of the aldolase activity, the aldoldecomposition (retroaldol) activity using PHOG as the substrate wasmeasured under the following conditions.

Reaction conditions: 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 2 mM PHOG, 0.2 mM NADH, 0.2mM KPi, 1 mM MgCl₂, 16 U/ml lactate dehydrogenase, and 3 μl enzyme/600μl reaction solution, for the measurement of absorbance at 30° C. and340 nm.

1. Preparation of Soluble Fraction:

One loop of the microbial cells of P. taetrolens ATCC4683 preliminarilycultured in a bouillon plate culture medium at 30° C. for 24 hours wasinoculated in a 500-ml flask containing 50 ml of an enzyme-generatingculture medium (0.5 g/dl glycerol, 0.5 g/dl fumaric acid, 0.5 g/dlammonium sulfate, 0.3 g/dl K₂PO₄, 0.1 g/dl KH₂PO₄, 0.05 g/dl MgSO₄.7H₂O,0.3 g/dl yeast extract, 0.2 g/dl peptone, 0.25 g/dl sodium phthalate,and 0.005% Antifoam A (manufactured by Sigma). After adjustment to pH6.5 with KOH), the culture was incubated with agitation at 30° C. for 24hours.

0.5 ml of the liquid culture was inoculated in 40 flasks of a 500-mlvolume, each of the flasks containing 50 ml of the enzyme-generatingculture medium, for cultu ng under shaking at 30° C. for 24 hours. Themicrobial cells were harvested from the resulting liquid culture bycentrifugation, and suspended and washed in buffer A (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.6), followed by centrifugation again for harvesting the microbialcells. The resulting washed microbial cells were suspended in 200 ml ofbuffer A, for ultrasonic disruption at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Thesolution after the disruption was centrifuged (×8,000 rpm, 10minutes×two times) to remove the residual microbial cells, followed byadditional ultra-centrifugation (×50,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to recover theresulting supernatant, which was defined as soluble fraction.

2. Anion Exchange Chromatography: Q-Sepharose FF

80 ml of the soluble fraction was treated in an anion exchangechromatography column Q-Sepharose FF 26/10 (manufactured by Pharmacia,CV=20 ml), for adsorption onto the carrier. Proteins that did not adsorbonto the carrier (non-adsorbed proteins) were washed out, using BufferA. Subsequently, the adsorbed protein was eluted while the KClconcentration was changed linearly from 0 M to 0.7 M (in total of 140ml). By detecting the activity of aldolase for PHOG (sometimes referredto as PHOG aldolase hereinafter) in each of the eluted fractions, thePHOG aldolase activity peak was detected in the fraction correspondingto about 0.5 M. The same chromatographic procedures were repeatedlycarried out for two times.

3. Hydrophobic Chromatography: Phenyl Sepharose HP HR 16/10

The solution with the detected aldolase activity was collected anddialyzed with Buffer B (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1M ammonium sulfate, pH7.6) at 4° C. overnight and then filtered through a 0.45-μm filter. Theresulting filtrate was treated with a hydrophobic chromatography columnPhenyl Sepharose HP HR 16/10 (manufactured by Phanmacia) equilibratedwith Buffer B. Through the procedures, the aldolase was adsorbed on thecarrier.

The non-adsorbed proteins that had not been adsorbed on the carrier werewashed out, using Buffer B. Subsequently, the aldolase was cluted whilelinearly changing the ammonium sulfate concentration from 1M to 0 M. Bymeasuring the aldolase activity in each of the eluted fractions, thealdolase activity peak was detected in the fraction corresponding toabout 0.2 M of the ammonium sulfate concentration.

4. Gel Filtration Chromatography: Sephadex 200 HP 16/60

Individual fractions containing aldolase were combined and dialyzed withBuffer A, and filtered through a 0.45-μm filter. The resulting filtratewas concentrated with an ultrafiltration membrane centriprep 10 and,subsequently treated with a gel filtration Sephadex 200 HP 16/60(manufactured by Pharmacia) equilibrated with Buffer C (20 mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.6, 0.1 M KCl) for elution at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Through theprocedures, the aldolase was eluted in fractions from 66 to 71 ml. Basedon the position of the activity peak eluted, it was estimated that themolecular weight of the aldolase would be about 146 kDa.

5. Anion Exchange Chromatography: Mono Q HR5/5

The resulting fractions were filtered through a 0.45-μm filter. Theresulting filtrate was treated with an anion chromatography columnMono-Q HR 5/5 (manufactured by Pharmacia) equilibrated with Buffer A.Through the procedures, the aldolase was adsorbed on the carrier. Thenon-adsorbed proteins were washed out, using Buffer A. Subsequently, theprotein was eluted while the KCl concentration was linearly changed from0 mM to 700 mM (in total of 24 ml). By measuring the aldolase activityin each eluted fractions, the aldolase activity peak was detected in thefraction corresponding to about 0.4 M of the KCl concentration.

6. Hydroxyapatite Chromatography: CHT-II

The resulting fraction was dialyzed with Buffer D (10 mM potassiumphosphate buffer, pH 7.0) at 4° C. overnight, and filtered through a0.45-μm filter. The resulting filtrate was treated with a hydroxyapatitechromatography column CHT-II 5 ml (manufactured by Bio-Rad LaboratoriesInc.) equilibrated with Buffer D. Through the procedures, the aldolasecould be separated from the adsorbed proteins because the aldolase didnot adsorbed on the carrier.

The fraction purified by the aforementioned column chromatographicprocedures was treated with SDS-PAGE. An almost single band at aposition corresponding to about 25 kDa was detected. Because it wasestimated by gel filtration chromatography that the molecular weight wasabout 146 kDa, it was speculated that the aldolase would be forming ahexamer. Table 5 shows purification tables. TABLE 5 Purification tableof Pseudomonas taetrolens strain ATCC4683-derived IHOG aldolase proteinspecific activity total activity yield (mg) (U/mg) purification fold (U)(%) soluble fraction 3750 0.014 1 51 100 Q-sepharose HP 26/10 510 0.0604.4 30.5 59.8 Phenyl sepharose HP 16/10 21.2 0.893 66 19.0 37.2Sephadex200 HP 16/60 1.9 4.643 341 8.65 17.0 monoQ HR5/5 0.49 10.89 8005.33 10.4 Hydroxyapatite CHT-II 0.025 28.70 2110 0.71 1.4(3-3) Determination of Internal Amino Acid Sequence of IHOG Aldolase

About 2 μg portion of the purified aldolase was treated for SDS-PAGE andseparated thereby. Subsequently, the sample in the SDS-PAGE gel wastreated with trypsin (pH 8.5, 35° C., 20 hours) and treated byreverse-phase HPLC to separate fragmental peptides. The amino acidsequences of two of the separated fractions were determined as follows,which were composed of 20 residues and 12 residues as SEQ ID Nos. 4 and5, respectively. TABLE 6 Internal amino acid sequence determined SQ IDNo. 4 SLLDA FQNVV TPHIS DNLGR SQ ID No. 5 AEIAT GALDQ SW(3-4) Cloning of the Gene of P. taetrolens Strain ATCC4683-Derived IHOGAldolase1. Preparation of Chromosomal DNA

The P. taetrolens strain ATCC4683 was cultured in 50 ml of a bouillonculture medium at 30° C. overnight (pre-culture). 5 ml of the liquidculture was used as a seed bacterium, for culturing in 50 ml of abouillon culture medium. After culturing up to the latter logarithmicgrowth stage, 50 ml of the liquid culture was treated by centrifugation(12,000×g, 4° C., 15 minutes) to harvest the microbial cells. Using themicrobial cells, the chromosomal DNA was prepared by the routine method.

2. Identification of Internal Sequence by PCR

Based on the internal amino acid sequence of the determined IHOGaldolase, the following mix primer (SEQ ID Nos. 6 and 7) was prepared.TABLE 7 Mix primer designed and synthesized on the basis of the internalamino acid sequence SQ ID No. 6 TTY CAR AAY GTS GTS ACS CCS C SQ ID No.7 TGR TCR ATN GCN CCS GTN GCR ATY TCN GC

Using the prepared primer mix, PCR amplification was performed using thechromosomal DNA of P. taetrolens strain ATCC4683 as a template. The PCRwas performed using PCR Thermal PERSONEL (manufactured by TAKARA BIOINC.) for 30 cycles under the following conditions:

-   -   94° C. for 30 seconds    -   55° C. for 30 seconds    -   72° C. for 1 minute.

PCR products were treated by agarose gel electrophoresis, so that afragment of about 500 bp was amplified. The DNA fragment was cloned inpUC18, for the determination of the nucleotide sequence. The amino acidsequence speculated on the basis of the recovered DNA fragment wasidentical to the internal amino acid sequence of the IHOG aldolase, sothat the recovery of the intended aldolase gene was confirmed.

3. Cloning of the Full-Length Gene by Colony Hybridization

It was attempted to recover the full-length gene using the PCR-amplifiedDNA fragment by Southern analysis and colony hybridization. The DNAprobe was prepared using DIG High Prime (manufactured by RocheDiagnostics) according to the instruction manual, and then, the probewas labeled by overnight (O/N) incubation at 37° C.

Southern analysis was done by completely digesting 1 μg of thechromosomal DNA with various restriction enzymes, electrophoresis on0.8% agarose gel, blotting on nylon membrane and other proceduresfollowing the manual. Hybridization was performed using DIG Easy Hyb(manufactured by Roche Diagnostics), for pre-hybridization at 50° C. forone hour. Then, the probe was added for overnight hybridization. Thebands were detected, using DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit. Consequently, aPstI fragment of about 4 kbp was detected that strongly hybridized withthe PCR fragment as a probe.

Then, the PstI fragment was recovered by colony hybridization. 20 μg ofthe chromosomal DNA was treated with PstI and treated with agarose gelelectrophoresis, to recover a fragment of about 4 kbp. The fragment wasconjugated into pUC118, to prepare a library in E. coli JM109. Thecolony was transferred onto a nylon membrane filter (Hybond-N,manufactured by Amersham), followed by alkali denaturation,neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was performed, usingDIG Easy Hyb. The filter was immersed in a buffer, for one-hourprehybridization at 42° C. Then, the prepared labeled probe was added,for hybridization at 42° C. for 16 hours. After rinsing in SSC, a colonyhybridizing with the probe was detected, using DIG Nucleotide DetectionKit (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics). Consequently, a clone stronglyhybridizing with the probe was obtained.

The nucleotide sequence of the plasmid DNA recovered from the resultingclone was determined. It was shown that the DNA had the nucleotidesequence described as SEQ ID No. 1. The 678-bp orf containing thenucleotide sequence (the 507-th to 566-th positions and the 1046-th to1082-th positions in SEQ ID No. 1) was determined, which corresponds tothe internal, determined amino acid sequence, and the intendedfull-length aldolase was obtained.

4. Expression of IHOG Aldolase in E. coli (NO. 1)

Using the primers (SEQ ID Nos. 8 and 9) shown in Table 8, the fragmentamplified from the chromosomal DNA of the P. taetrolens strain ATCC4683was treated with BamHI/HindIII and then inserted in the BamHI/HindIIIsite of pUC 18, to construct a plasmid pUCALD. The constructedexpression plasmid was introduced in E. coli JM109. The resultingtransformant was agitated in an LB culture medium containing 50 μg/mlampicillin at 37° C. day and night (pre-culture). Then, the liquidpre-culture was seeded at 1% in 50 ml of the LB culture medium, forculturing at 37° C. About 2 hours after the start of culture, IPTG wasadded to a final concentration of 1 mM, for additional 3-hour culture.

After the completion of culturing and expression of the gene undercontrol of an inducible promoter, the microbial cells were harvested andrinsed, and those were suspended in 1 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6. Themicrobial cells were then disrupted using Multi-Bead Shocker(manufactured by Yasui Kikai Corporation). The solution after thedisruption was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 minutes, so that theresulting supernatant was defined as crude enzyme solution. TABLE 8Primers SQ ID No. 8 ALD-5′ Bam (5′-GCC GGA TCC ACA AGG GTT CAG TCA TTCATG G-3′) SQ ID No. 9 ALD-3′ Hind (5′-CCG AAG CTT TCA GTT CGC CAG GCCAGC C-3′)

Using the crude enzyme solution, the aldolase activity was measuredusing the substrate PHOG. While no PHOG aldolase activity was detectedin E. coli harboring pUC18 (control), the PHOG aldolase activity of 0.81U/mg •protein was observed in the strain harboring pUCADL. Thisindicates that the gene encodes the intended aldolase.

(3-5) Synthesis of 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid(IHOG) from indole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid, using the strainexpressing aldolase

The rinsed microbial cells of E. coli expressing aldolase as prepared in(3-4) were used as the enzyme source, for carrying out the synthesis of4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (IHOG) fromindole-3-pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid. IHOG was quantitatively measuredby HPLC using “Inertsil ODS-2” (5 μm, 4.6×250 mm) manufactured by GLSciences, Inc. The analytical conditions are as follows.

-   -   Mobile phase: 40 v/v % acetonitrile/5 mM phosphate dihydrogen        tetrabutylammonium solution    -   Flow rate: 1 ml/min    -   Column temperature: 40° C.    -   Detection: UV 210 nm

The rinsed microbial cells of the aldolase-expressing E. coli were addedto a reaction solution of 100 mM buffer (Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 or pH 9.0 andglycine-NaOH pH 10.0), 50 mM indole-3-pyruvic acid, 250 mM pyruvic acid,1 mM MgCl₂, and 1 v/v % toluene to 10 w/v %, for reaction under shakingat 33° C. for 4 hours. The enzyme reaction solution was appropriatelydiluted, for measuring the resulting IHOG. TABLE 9 Amount of IHOGgenerated with aldolase pH aldolase IHOG (mM) 8 + 9.2 8 − 0.42 9 + 12.19 − 1.6 10 + 10.7 10 − 5.4

Consequently, the amount of generated IHOG was increased in thealdolase-expressing E. coli addition lot. Generation of IHOG by aldolasewas achieved.

(3-6) Mass Expression of IHOG Aldolase in E. coli (NO. 2)

1. Construction of pTrp4 Plasmid Harboring trp Promoter and rrnBTerminator

Using the oligonucleotides in Table 10 as primers (a combination of SEQID Nos. 10 and 11), the promoter region in the trp operon on thechromosomal DNA of E. coli W3110 as the intended gene region wasamplified by PCR. The resulting DNA fragment was ligated to thepGEM-Teasy vector (manufactured by Promega Ltd.). In the ligationsolution, E. coli JM109 was transformed, to facilitate selection of astrain having the intended plasmid where the trp promoter was insertedalong a direction inverse to the direction of the lac promoter among theresulting ampicillin resistant strains. Then, the plasmid was treatedwith Eco0109I/EcoRI, to obtain a DNA fragment containing the trppromoter, which was then ligated into the Eco0109I/EcoRI digestionproduct of pUC19 (manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.). In the ligationsolution, E. coli JM109 was transformed, to facilitate selection of astrain having the intended plasmid among the resulting ampicillinresistant strains. The plasmid was designated as pTrp 1.

Then, pKK223-3 (manufactured by Amersham Pharmacia) was treated withHindIII/HincII, to obtain a DNA fragment containing the rrnB terminator,which was then ligated to a HindIII/PvuII digestion product of pTrp1. Inthis ligation solution, E. coli JM109 was transformed to obtain a strainwith the intended plasmid among the resulting ampicillin resistantstrains. The plasmid was designated as pTrp2.

Subsequently, the oligonucleotides in Table 10 as primers (a combinationof SEQ ID Nos. 10 and 12) and pTrp2 as template were used for PCR toamplify the trp promoter region. The resulting DNA fragment was treatedwith Eco0109I/NdeI and ligated to the Eco0109I/NdeI digestion product ofpTrp2. In the ligation solution, E. coli JM109 was transformed, toselect a strain with the intended plasmid among the resulting ampicillinresistant strains. Then, the plasmid was designated as pTrp4. TABLE 10SQ ID No. 10 5′-side GTATCACGAGGCCCTAGCTGTGGTGTCAT GGTCGGTGATC       Eco01091 SQ ID No. 11 3′-side TTCGGGGATTCCATATGATACCCTTTTTACGTGAACTTGC              Nde I SQ ID No. 12 3′-sideGGGGGGGGCATATGCGACCTCCTTATTAC GTGAACTTG         Nde I2. Construction of Aldolase Gene-Expressing Plasmids ptrpALD1 andptrpALD2 and Expression in E. coli

Using the primers shown in Table 11 (SEQ ID Nos. 9 and 13), a fragmentamplified from the chromosomal DNA of P. taetrolens strain ATCC4683 wastreated with NdeI/HindIII and inserted into the NdeI/HindIII site ofpTrp4 to construct a plasmid ptrpALD1. The plasmid expresses thealdolase gene of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 3 from the 444-thATG as the translation initiation codon in the nucleotide sequence SEQID No. 1. Additionally using the primers (SEQ ID Nos. 9 and 14), afragment amplified from the chromosomal DNA of P. taetrolens strainATCC4683 was treated with NdeI/HindIII and inserted into theNdeI/HindIII site of pTrp4, to construct a plasmid ptrpALD2. Theresulting plasmid expresses the aldolase gene of the amino acid sequenceSEQ ID No. 2 from the 456-th ATG as the translation initiation codon inthe nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 1.

The individually constructed expression plasmids were introduced in E.coli JM109. The resulting transformant was shaken in an LB culturemedium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin at 37° C. day and night(pre-culture). 50 ml of the liquid pre-culture was seeded at 1% in 50 mlof the LB culture medium, for culturing at 37° C. About 2 hours afterthe start of the culture, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1mM, for additional 3-hour culture. After the completion of the culture,the microbial cells were harvested and rinsed, suspended in 1 ml of 20mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, and disrupted with Multi-bead Shocker (manufacturedby Yasui Kikai Corporation). The solution, after disruption, wascentrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the resulting supernatantwas defined as crude enzyme solution. TABLE 11 Primers SQ ID No. 9ALD-3′ Hind (5′-CCG AAG CTT TCA GTT CGC CAG GCC AGC C-3′) SQ ID No. 13ALD-5′ Nde-1 (5′-GGT TCA GTC ACA TAT GGA GGT CGC TAT GTC-3′) SQ ID No.14 ALD-5′ Nde-2 (5′-ATG GAG GTC CAT TAG TCA TTG CCC GGT TCA CGC- 3′)

Using the crude enzyme solution, the aldolase activity was measuredusing PHOG as the substrate. While no PHOG aldolase activity wasdetected in E. coli harboring pTrp4 (control), the PHOG aldolaseactivity of 16.1 U/mg•protein was observed in the strain harboringptrpADL1, while the PHOG aldolase activity of 36.0 U/mg•protein wasobserved in the strain harboring ptrpADL2. This indicates that thealdolase of SEQ ID No. 2 and 3 have aldolase activity.

Example 4

Example 4 relates to reaction 3 of the invention. In Example 4, herein,monatin and 4-phenylmethyl-4-hydroxy-glutamic acid (PHG) were assayed byhigh performance liquid chromatography using “Inertsil ODS-80A” (5 μm,6×150 mm) manufactured by GL Sciences, Inc. The analytical conditionsare as follows.

Mobile phase: 12 v/v % acetonitrile/aqueous 0.05 v/v % trifluoroaceticacid solution

-   Flow rate: 1.5 ml/min-   Column temperature: 30° C. and-   Detection: UV 210 nm

Under the analytical conditions, (2S, 4S)-monatin and (2R, 4R)-monatinwith a retention time of 12.1 minutes, (2S, 4R)-monatin and (2R,4S)-monatin with a retention time of 9.7 minutes, (2S, 4S)-PHG and (2R,4R)-PHG with a retention time of 7.2 minutes, and (2S, 4R)-PHG and (2R,4S)-PHG with a retention time of 6.0 minutes were fractionated andassayed.

If necessary, additionally, analysis by HPLC using an optical resolutioncolumn “CROWNPAK CR (+)” (4.6×150 mm) manufactured by Daicel ChemicalIndustries, Ltd. was done. The analytical conditions are as follows.

-   -   (In case of monatin)    -   Mobile phase: aqueous perchloric acid solution, pH 1.5/10 v/v %        methanol    -   Flow rate: 0.5 ml/min    -   Column temperature: 30° C. and    -   Detection: UV 210 nm

Under the analytical conditions, optical monatin isomers (2R, 4S), (2R,4R), (2S, 4R) and (2S, 4S) were fractionated and assayed at retentiontimes of 42, 57, 64, and 125 minutes in this order.

-   -   (In case of PHG)    -   Mobile phase: aqueous perchloric acid solution, pH 1.5    -   Flow rate: 1 ml/min    -   Column temperature: 30° C. and    -   Detection: UV 210 nm

Under the analytical conditions, optical PHG isomers (2R, 4S), (2R, 4R),(2S, 4R) and (2S, 4S) at retention times of 20 minutes, 28 minutes, 31minutes and 46 minutes in this order may be fractionated and assayed.

(4-1) (2S, 4S)-Monatin production with L-amino acid transaminase

Microorganisms shown below in Table 12 were inoculated on a bouillonplate culture medium (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.), and cultured at 30° C.for 24 hours. The microbial cells were inoculated in 1 ml of a reactionsolution of 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 30 mM IHOG, 100 mM L-glutamatemonosodium, 1 mM pyridoxal-5′-phosphate, and 0.5 (v/v) toluene to a wetmicrobial cell weight of 5% by weight, for incubation at 30° C. for 16hours. After the completion of the reaction, the monatin generatedthereby was assayed. The results are shown in Table 12. (2S, 4S)-Monatincould be generated from IHOG. TABLE 12 Strains Monatin generated (mM)Aeromonas hydrophila IFO3820 1.2 Agrobacterium tumefaciens IFO3058 1.9Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC8750 1.6 Beijerinckia indica ATCC9037 0.2Escherichia coli ATCC12814 0.6 Proteus rettgeri IFO13501 0.7 Morganellamorganii IFO3848 1.2(4-2) (2S, 4S)-PHG Production with L-Amino Acid Transaminase

Microorganisms shown below in Table 13 were inoculated on a bouillonplate culture medium (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.), for culturing at 30° C.for 24 hours. The microbial cells were inoculated in 1 ml of a reactionsolution of 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 30 mM PHOG, 100 mM L-glutamatemonosodium or L-aspartate monosodium, 1 mM pyridoxal-5′-phosphate, and0.5 (v/v) toluene to wet microbial cells weight of 5% by weight, forincubation at 30° C. for 16 hours. After the completion of the reaction,the generated PHG was assayed. The results are shown in Table 13. (2S,4S)-PHG could be generated from PHOG. TABLE 13 PHG generated (mM)Strains L-Glu L-Asp Aeromonas hydrophila IFO3820 8.9 8.9 Agrobacteriumtumefaciens IFO3058 8.2 8.0 Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC8750 4.9 10.7Beijerinckia indica ATCC9037 7.4 2.7 Escherichia coli ATCC12814 9.0 3.3Proteus rettgeri IFO13501 10.2 9.0 Morganella morganii IFO3848 10.4 5.2(4-3) (2S, 4S)-PHG Production with L-Amino Acid Trans Aminase

Microorganisms shown below in Table 14 were inoculated on a bouillonplate culture medium (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.), and cultured at 30° C.for 24 hours. The culture medium containing 0.5 g/dl fumaric acid, 1g/dl yeast extract, 1 g/dl peptone, 0.3 g/dl ammonium sulfate, 0.3 g/dlK₂HPO₄, 0.1 g/dl KH₂PO₄, 1 mg/dl FeSO₄.7H₂O, and 0.1 g/dl MnSO₄.4H₂O, pH7.0 was divided in 50-ml portions in 500-ml Sakaguchi's flasks andsterilized at 110° C. for 10 minutes. Onto the resulting liquid culturemedium was inoculated one loopand cultured with agitation at 30° C. for16 hours.

1 ml of the liquid culture was centrifuged, to obtain microbial cells,which were then rinsed and harvested with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6 andwere subsequently suspended in 1 ml of a reaction solution of 100 mMTris-HCl, pH 7.6, 50 mM PHOG, 100 mM monosodium L-glutamate, 1 mMpyridoxal-5′-phosphate and 0.5 v/v toluene. The resulting suspension wastransferred in a 10-ml test tube, for reaction under shaking at 30° C.for 18 hours. The generated PHG was assayed after the completion of thereaction. The results are shown in Table 14. (2S, 4S)-PHG could begenerated from PHOG. TABLE 14 Strains PHG generated (mM) Aeromonashydrophila IFO3820 16.4 Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC8750 12.3 Proteusrettgeri IFO13501 17.5 Morganella morganii IFO3848 17.2(4-4) 2R-PHG Production with D-Amino Acid Transaminase

Microorganisms shown below in Table 15 were inoculated on a bouillonplate culture medium (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.), and cultured at 30° C.for 24 hours. This was inoculated in 1 ml of a reaction solutioncontaining 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 50 mM PHOG, 100 mM D-glutamic acid,100 mM D-alanine, 1 mM pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and 0.5 v/v toluene tofinal wet microbial cells weight of 5% by weight, for incubation at 30°C. for 16 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the generated PHGwas assayed. The results are shown in Table 15. (2R, 4S)-PHG and (2R,4R)-PHG could be generated from PHOG. TABLE 15 PHG generated (mM)Strains (2R, 4R) (2R, 4S) Bacillus sphaericus ATCC10208 16.6 16.5Bacillus pulvifaciens AJ1327 2.8 2.6 Paenibacillus larvae subsp.pulvifaciens 3.0 2.8 ATCC13537 Bacillus macerans AJ1617* 7.1 7.0Paenibacillus macerans ATCC8244 6.5 6.5 Bacillus lentus AJ12699 4.6 4.6Bacillus lentus ATCC10840 4.2 4.3*FERM P-18653(4-5) Preparation of E. Coli Expressing DAT Derived from BacillusSphaericus (Referred to as BSDAT hereinafter) and 2R-PHG Production byReaction with Rinsed Microbial Cells1. Construction of Expression Plasmid

So as to express the D-amino acid transaminase gene (abbreviated as“bsdat” hereinafter) derived from Bacillus sphaericus in E. coli, aplasmid pUCBSDAT was constructed as follows, where the bsdat gene wasconjugated to the downstream of the lac promoter of pUC18. Using thechromosomal DNA of the Bacillus sphaericus strain ATCC10208 as templateand oligonucleotides shown below in Table 16 as primers, first, the genewas amplified by PCR. In such manner, a DNA fragment corresponding tothe 8-th to 1278-th positions in the bsdat nucleotide sequence describedas SEQ ID No. 2 in the text of European Patent publication 0 736 604 maybe amplified. The fragment was treated with BamHI and PstI, conjugatedto the BamHI/PstI digestion product of pUC18, and introduced in E. coliJM109. From the resulting ampicillin resistant strains, a strain withthe intended plasmid was selected, to construct an expression plasmidpUCBSDAT. TABLE 16 SQ ID No. 15 5′-CCG GGA TTC GTT AAT CCA AAC GTT AGCTG SQ ID No. 16 5′-GGC CTG CAG TTA GGC ATT AAT TGA AAT TGG2. Preparation of E. Coli Expressing BSDAT

An E. coli transformant with pUCBSDAT was seed-cultured in an LB culturemedium (1 g/dl bacto-tryptone, 0.5 g/dl yeast extract, and 1 g/dl NaCl)containing 0.1 mg/ml ampicillin at 37° C. for 16 hours. 1 ml of the seedliquid culture was added to a 500-ml Sakaguchi's flask charged with 50ml of the LB culture medium, and cultured at 37° C. 2.5 hours after thestart of the culture, isopropyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) wasadded to a final 1 mM concentration, for additional 4-hours ofculturing. From the resulting liquid culture, the microbial cells wereharvested and rinsed, to prepare E. coli expressing BSDAT.

3. Reaction with Rinsed Microbial Cells, Using E. coli Expressing BSDAT

The microbial cells prepared in above 2 were suspended in 1 ml of areaction solution containing 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 50 mM PHOG, 100 mMamino acid donors (D-Glu, D-Ala, L-Glu, L-Ala), 1 mMpyridoxal-5′-phosphate and 0.5 v/v % toluene to a final wet microbialcell weight of 5%, and the resulting suspension was transferred in a10-ml test tube, for reaction under shaking at 30° C. for 18 hours. ThePHG generated was assayed after the completion of the reaction. Theresults are shown in Table 17. (2R, 4R), (2R, 4S) and (2S, 4S)-PHG couldbe generated from PHOG. Table 17 PHG (mM) generated via reaction withrinsed microbial cells, using E. coli expressing BSDAT Added amino aciddonors Generated PHG D-Glu D-Ala L-Glu L-Ala (2R, 4R) 20.7 25.1 N.D.15.4 (2R, 4S) 17.5 17.0 22.7  7.0 (2S, 4S) trace trace 22.7 trace(4-6) Preparation of E. coli Expressing DAT Derived from BacillusMacerans AJ1617 (Referred to as BMDAT hereinafter) and 2R-MonatinProduction by Reaction with Rinsed Microbial Cells1. Preparation of Chromosomal DNA

The Bacillus macerans strain AJ1617 was overnight cultured in a 50-mlbouillon culture medium at 30° C. (pre-culture). 5 ml of the liquidculture as a seed bacterium was cultured in a 50-ml bouillon culturemedium. After the microbial strain was cultured up to the latterlogarithmic growth stage, 50 ml of the liquid culture was treated by acentrifugation procedure (12,000×, 4° C., 15 minutes) for harvesting themicrobial cells. Using the microbial cells, the chromosomal DNA wasprepared by the routine method.

2. Isolation of the Bacillus Macerans-Derived D-Amino Acid TransaminaseGene (Referred to as bmdat hereinafter) from Gene Libraries

First, one unit of a restriction enzyme EcoRI was added to 30 μg of thechromosomal DNA of the Bacillus macerans strain AJ1617, for 3-hourreaction at 37° C. for partial digestion. Then, fragments of 3- to 6 kbpwere recovered from the DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis. Thesefragments were ligated to 1 μg of the EcoRI cleavage product of theplasmid pUC118 (after BAP treatment; manufactured by TaKaRa Brewery,Co., Ltd.), to transform E. coli JM109 to prepare gene libraries, whichwere then plated on an LB culture medium (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeastextract, 1% sodium chloride, 2% agar, pH 7.0) containing ampicillin toform colonies. The developed colonies were cultured overnight in an LBliquid culture medium containing ampicillin andisobutyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) of 0.1 mM at 37° C., forcentrifugation to harvest the resulting microbial cells.

The resulting microbial cells were inoculated in a reaction solution of100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 mM D-glutamic acid,1 mM pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and 1 v/v % toluene, for reaction at 30° C.for 30 minutes. After the completion of the reaction, the reactionsolution was centrifuged. 5 μl of the resulting separated supernatantwas added to a 96-well plate containing 200 μl of a reaction solutionfor pyruvic acid assay (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1.5 mM NADH, 5 mMMgCl2, 16 U/ml lactate dehydrogenase (manufactured by Oriental YeastCo., Ltd.)), for reaction at 30° C. for 10 minutes.

Subsequently, the absorbance at 340 nm was read with a plate reader(SPECTRA MAX190, manufactured by Molecular Device). The same assay wasconducted by adding sodium pyruvate to a final concentration of 0.2 mMto 1 mM. Using this as the standard, the amount of pyruvic acid reducedwas assayed, to detect the D-amino acid transaminase activity.

Via the screening of clones with DAT activity, the clones with the DATactivity were collected. From these transformants, plasmids containingbmdat were prepared and defined as pUCBMDAT. The plasmid pUCBMDAT wastreated with EcoRI and treated by agarose gel electrophoresis, so thatthe inserted fragment was estimated to be of a length of about 3.3 kbp.

3. Nucleotide Sequence of Inserted Fragment

The nucleotide sequence of the inserted fragment in the plasmid pUCBMDATwas determined by dideoxy method. The ORF of about 850 bp correspondingto the 630-th to 1481-th positions in the sequence SEQ ID No. 17 in thesequence listing was found. The homology of the ORF to known sequenceswas examined. The ORF had 91% homology to the D-amino acid transaminasegene derived from Bacillus sphaericus ATCC10208 in terms of amino acidsequence and had 66% homology to the D-amino acid transaminase genederived from Bacillus sp. YM-1 in terms of amino acid sequence and had42% homology to the D-amino acid transaminase gene derived from Bacilluslichenifornis ATCC10716 in terms of amino acid sequence.

The results clearly show that the ORF encoded the D-amino acidtransaminase genes. Herein, the homology was calculated using a geneanalysis software “genetyx ver. 6” (GENETYX) while various parameterswere used as they were initially set.

4. Preparation BMDAT-Expressing E. Coli

E. coli transformant with pUCBMDAT was seed-cultured in an LB culturemedium (1 g/dl bacto-tryptone, 0.5 g/dl yeast extract and 1 g/dl NaCl)containing 0.1 mg/ml ampicillin at 37° C. for 16 hours. 1 ml of the seedliquid culture was added to a 500-ml Sakaguchi's flask charged with 50ml of the LB culture mediumand cultured at 37° C. 2.5 hours after thestart of the culture, isopropyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) wasadded to a final 1 mM concentration and cultured for additional 4-hour.From the resulting liquid culture, the microbial cells were harvestedand rinsed, to prepare E. coli expressing BMDAT.

5. Reaction with Rinsed Microbial Cells, Using E. Coli Expressing BMDAT

The microbial cells prepared above in 4 were suspended in 1 ml of areaction solution containing 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM IHOG, 200 mMD-alanine, 1 mM pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and 0.5 v/v % toluene to a finalwet microbial cell weight of 5%, and the resulting suspension wastransferred in a 10-ml test tube, for reaction under shaking at 33° C.for 20 hours. The 2R-monatin generated was assayed after the completionof the reaction. Consequently, 22 mM 2R-monatin could be generated.

Numerous modifications and variations on the present invention arepossible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to beunderstood that within the scope of the accompanying claims, theinvention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedherein.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The process of producing monatin in accordance with the inventionutilizes a process of producing glutamate derivatives and may producemonatin very efficiently using tryptophan as a starting material in anenzymatic reaction. This process is very useful industrially,particularly in the field of food.

1. A process for producing a substituted α-keto acid having the general formula (4):

the process comprising: exposing a compound having the general formula (3):

 to an enzyme and an acid selected from the group consisting of oxaloacetic acid and pyruvic acid, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting said compound having the general formula (3) to said substituted α-keto acid; wherein R represents a substituent selected from the group consisting of a C2 to C8 alkyl group, a C1 to C8 alkoxyl group, a C2 to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, a heterocyclic ring-containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl group; and wherein when R contains an aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring, the aromatic ring or the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with substiture selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, alkyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms, alkoxyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms and an amino group.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said enzyme is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, and Xanthomonas.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said enzyme is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas taetrolens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas desmolytica, Erwinia sp., Flavobacterium rhenanum, and Xanthomonas citri.
 4. The process of claim 3, wherein said Pseudomonas taetrolens is Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683.
 5. The process of claim 3, wherein said Pseudomonas coronafaciens is Pseudomonas coronafaciens AJ2791.
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein R represents a phenylmethyl group or a 3-indolylmethyl group.
 7. The process of claim 6, wherein R represents a 3-indolylmethyl group.
 8. The process of claim 1, wherein said compound having general formula (3) is indole-3-pyruvic acid.
 9. The process of claim 1, wherein said enzyme is a protein selected from the group consisting of (a) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 2; (b) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 2 and having aldolase activity; (c) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 3; (d) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 3 and having aldolase activity.
 10. The process of claim 9, wherein said enzyme is obtained from a recombinant cell, wherein a gene encoding said enzyme is amplified and expressed.
 11. The process of claim 1, wherein said substituted α-keto acid having the general formula (4) is 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid.
 12. A process for producing a glutamate derivative and/or salt forms thereof having the general formula (2):

the process comprising: exposing a substituted α-keto acid having the general formula (1):

 to an enzyme, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting said substituted α-keto acid to said glutamate derivative and salt forms thereof; wherein in both general formulas (2) and (1), R¹ and R² independently represent a substituent selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a C1 to C8 alkyl group, a C1 to C8 alkoxyl group, a C2 to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl groups having up to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl groups having up to 20 carbon atoms, a heterocyclic ring containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl group; and wherein when one of R¹ or R² represents a hydrogen atom, the other is not a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a methylene group; wherein when one of R¹ and R² represents a hydroxyl group, the other is not a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and wherein when one of R¹ or R² represents a methyl group, the other is not a methyl group; wherein when R¹ contains an aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring, the aromatic ring or the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with substitute selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, alkyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms, alkoxyl groups with up to 3 carbon atoms, and an amino group.
 13. The process of claim 12, wherein R¹ represents a phenylmethyl group or a 3-indolylmethyl group, and R² represents a hydroxyl group.
 14. The process of claim 12, wherein said enzyme is selected from the group consisting of a dehydrogenase and a transaminase.
 15. The process of claim 14, wherein said enzyme is a transaminase, and said reaction is additionally exposed to one or more types of amino acids.
 16. The process of claim 15, wherein said amino acids are selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, valine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, methionine, ornithine, serine, cysteine, histidine and lysine.
 17. The process of claim 14, wherein said enzyme is a L-amino acid transaminase.
 18. The process of claim 14, wherein said enzyme is a D-amino acid transaminase.
 19. The process of claim 18, wherein said enzyme has an activity of catalyzing a reaction for converting L-amino acid to D-amino acid.
 20. The process of claim 17, wherein said L-amino acid transaminase is derived from a microorganism genera selected from the group consisting of Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Beijerinckia, Escherichia, Proteus and Morganella.
 21. The process of claim 20, wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Aeromonas hydrophila, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Beijerinckia indica, Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri and Morganella morganii.
 22. The process of claim 18, wherein said D-amino acid transaminase is derived from a microorganism genera selected from the group consisting of Bacillus and Paenibacillus.
 23. The process of claim 22, wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus pulvifaciens, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus lentus, Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus macerans.
 24. The process of claim 12, wherein said enzyme is generated by a microorganism having the D-amino acid transaminase gene introduced therein.
 25. The process of claim 24, wherein said microorganism is Escherichia coli.
 26. The process of claim 24, wherein said D-amino acid transaminase gene is derived from Bacillus sphaericus or Bacillus macerans.
 27. A process for producing 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid comprising: (A) exposing typtophan to an enzyme, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting tryptophan to 3-indolepyruvic acid; and (B) exposing said 3-indolepyruvic acid resulting from step (A) to an enzyme and an acid selected from the group consisting of oxaloacetic acid and pyruvic acid, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting said 3-indolepyruvic acid to said 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid.
 28. The process of claim 27 wherein exposing in step (A) comprises exposing in a reaction vessel under deaeration or deoxygen conditions.
 29. The process of claim 28, wherein said conditions comprise substituting at least a part of the gas contained in the reaction vessel with an inactive gas.
 30. The process of claim 29, wherein said inactive gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, and helium.
 31. The process of claim 27, further comprising: in step (A), adjusting the pH of the reaction to 2 after said tryptophan is exposed to said enzyme.
 32. The process of claim 31, wherein adjusting the pH comprises adding an acid to the reaction.
 33. The process of claim 32, wherein said acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.
 34. The process of claim 31, wherein crystals of said 3-indolepyruvic acid form as a result of adjusting the pH.
 35. The process of claim 34, further comprising collecting said crystals.
 36. The process of claim 27, wherein said enzyme in step (A) is derived from a microorganism having amino acid oxidase activity and catalase activity.
 37. The process of claim 27, wherein said enzyme in step (A) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Achromobacter, Proteus, Morganella, Pseudomonas, and Neurospora.
 38. The process of claim 37, wherein said Achromobacter is Achromobacter sp. AJ2425.
 39. The process of claim 37, wherein said Proteus is proteus rettgeri IFO13501.
 40. The process of claim 37, wherein said Morganella is Morganella morganii IFO3168.
 41. The process of claim 27, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, and Xanthomonas.
 42. The process of claim 27, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas taetrolens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas desmolytica, Erwinia sp., Flavobacterium rhenanum, and Xanthomonas citri.
 43. The process of claim 42, wherein said Pseudomonas taetrolens is Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683.
 44. The process of claim 42, wherein said Pseudomonas coronafaciens is Pseudomonas coronafaciens AJ2791.
 45. The process of claim 27, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is a protein selected from the group consisting of (a) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 2; (b) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 2 and having aldolase activity; (c) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 3; (d) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 3 and having aldolase activity.
 46. The process of claim 45, wherein said enzyme is obtained from a recombinant cell, wherein a gene encoding said enzyme is amplified and expressed.
 47. A process for producing a glutamate derivative and/or salt forms thereof having the general formula (5):

the process comprising: (A) exposing a compound having the general formula (3):

 to an enzyme and an acid selected from the group consisting of oxaloacetic acid and pyruvic acid, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting said compound having the general formula (3) to a substituted α-keto acid having the general formula (4)

 and (B) exposing said substituted α-keto acid having the general formula (1) to an enzyme, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting said substituted α-keto acid having general formula (4) to said glutamate derivative and salt forms thereof; wherein R represents a substituent selected from the group consisting of a C2 to C8 alkyl group, a C1 to C8 alkoxyl group, a C2 to C9 carboxyalkyl group, an aryl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, a heterocyclic ring-containing hydrocarbon group, and a hydroxyl group; and wherein when R contains an aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring, the aromatic ring or the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with substitute selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having up to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxyl group having up to 3 carbon atoms, and an amino group.
 48. The process of claim 47, wherein said enzyme in step (A) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, and Xanthomonas.
 49. The process of claim 47, wherein said enzyme in step (A) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas taetrolens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas desmolytica, Erwinia sp., Flavobacterium rhenanum, and Xanthomonas citri.
 50. The process of claim 49, wherein said Pseudomonas taetrolens is Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683.
 51. The process of claim 49, wherein said Pseudomonas coronafaciens is Pseudomonas coronafaciens AJ2791.
 52. The process of claim 47, wherein R represents a phenylmethyl group or a 3-indolylmethyl group.
 53. The process of claim 52, wherein R represents a 3-indolylmethyl group.
 54. The process of claim 47, wherein said compound having general formula (3) is indole-3-pyruvic acid.
 55. The process of claim 47, wherein said enzyme in step (A) is a protein selected from the group consisting of (a) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 2; (b) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 2 and having aldolase activity; (c) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 3; (d) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 3 and having aldolase activity.
 56. The process of claim 55, wherein said enzyme is obtained from a recombinant cell, wherein a gene encoding said enzyme is amplified and expressed.
 57. The process of claim 57, wherein said substituted α-keto acid having the general formula (4) is 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid.
 58. The process of claim 57, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is selected from the group consisting of a dehydrogenase and a transaminase.
 59. The process of claim 58, wherein said enzyme is a transaminase, and said reaction is additionally exposed to one or more types of amino acids.
 60. The process of claim 59, wherein said amino acids are selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, valine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, methionine, ornithine, serine, cysteine, histidine and lysine.
 61. The process of claim 58, wherein said enzyme is a L-amino acid transaminase.
 62. The process of claim 58, wherein said enzyme is a D-amino acid transaminase.
 63. The process of claim 62, wherein said enzyme has an activity of catalyzing a reaction for converting L-amino acid to D-amino acid.
 64. The process of claim 61, wherein said L-amino acid transaminase is derived from a microorganism genera selected from the group consisting of Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Beijerinckia, Escherichia, Proteus and Morganella.
 65. The process of claim 64, wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Aeromonas hydrophila, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Beijerinckia indica, Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri and Morganella morganii.
 66. The process of claim 62, wherein said D-amino acid transaminase is derived from a microorganism genera selected from the group consisting of Bacillus and Paenibacillus.
 67. The process of claim 66, wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus pulvifaciens, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus lentus, Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus macerans.
 68. The process of claim 47, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is generated by a microorganism having the D-amino acid transaminase gene introduced therein.
 69. The process of claim 68, wherein said microorganism is Escherichia coli.
 70. The process of claim 68, wherein said D-amino acid transaminase gene is derived from Bacillus sphaericus or Bacillus macerans.
 71. A process for producing monatin comprising: (A) exposing typtophan to an enzyme, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting tryptophan to 3-indolepyruvic acid, and (B) exposing said 3-indolepyruvic acid to an enzyme and an acid selected from the group consisting of oxaloacetic acid and pyruvic acid, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid; and (C) exposing said 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid to an enzyme, said enzyme being capable of catalyzing a reaction of converting said 4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid to said monatin.
 72. The process of claim 71, wherein exposing in step (A) comprises exposing in a reaction vessel under deaeration or deoxygen conditions.
 73. The process of claim 72, wherein said conditions comprise substituting at least a part of the gas contained in the reaction vessel with an inactive gas.
 74. The process of claim 73, wherein said inactive gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, and helium.
 75. The process of claim 71, further comprising: in step (A) adjusting the pH of the reaction to 2 after said tryptophan is exposed to said enzyme.
 76. The process of claim 75, wherein adjusting the pH comprises adding an acid to the reaction.
 77. The process of claim 76, wherein said acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.
 78. The process of claim 75, wherein said crystals of said 3-indolepyruvic acid form as a result of adjusting the pH.
 79. The process of claim 78, further comprising collecting said crystals.
 80. The process of claim 71, wherein said enzyme in step (A) is derived from a microorganism having amino acid oxidase activity and catalase activity.
 81. The process of claim 71, wherein said enzyme in step (A) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Achromobacter, Proteus, Morganella, Pseudomonas, and Neurospora.
 82. The process of claim 81, wherein said Achromobacter is Achromobacter sp. AJ2425.
 83. The process of claim 81, wherein said Proteus is proteus rettgeri IFO13501.
 84. The process of claim 81, wherein said Morganella is Morganella morganii IFO3168.
 85. The process of claim 71, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, and Xanthomonas.
 86. The process of claim 71, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas taetrolens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas desmolytica, Erwinia sp., Flavobacterium rhenanum, and Xanthomonas citri.
 87. The process of claim 86, wherein said Pseudomonas taetrolens is Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC4683.
 88. The process of claim 86, wherein said Pseudomonas coronafaciens is Pseudomonas coronafaciens AJ2791.
 89. The process of claim 71, wherein said enzyme in step (B) is a protein selected from the group consisting of (a) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 2; (b) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 2 and having aldolase activity; (c) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 3; and (d) a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of one or several amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO. 3 and having aldolase activity.
 90. The process of claim 89, wherein said enzyme is obtained from a recombinant cell, wherein a gene encoding said enzyme is amplified and expressed.
 91. The process of claim 71, wherein said enzyme in step (C) is selected from the group consisting of a dehydrogenase and a transaminase.
 92. The process of claim 91, wherein said enzyme is a transaminase, and said reaction is additionally exposed to one or more types of amino acids.
 93. The process of claim 92, wherein said amino acids are selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, valine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, methionine, ornithine, serine, cysteine, histidine and lysine.
 94. The process of claim 91, wherein said enzyme is a L-amino acid transaminase.
 95. The process of claim 91, wherein said enzyme is a D-amino acid transaminase.
 96. The process of claim 95, wherein said enzyme has an activity of catalyzing a reaction for converting L-amino acid to D-amino acid.
 97. The process of claim 94, wherein said L-amino acid transaminase is derived from a microorganism genera selected from the group consisting of Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Beijerinckia, Escherichia, Proteus and Morganella.
 98. The process of claim 97, wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Aeromonas hydrophila, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Beijerinckia indica, Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri and Morganella morganii.
 99. The process of claim 95, wherein said D-amino acid transaminase is derived from a microorganism genera selected from the group consisting of Bacillus and Paenibacillus.
 100. The process of claim 99, wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus pulvifaciens, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus lentus, Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus macerans.
 101. The process of claim 71, wherein said enzyme in step (C) is generated by a microorganism having the D-amino acid transaminase gene introduced therein.
 102. The process of claim 101, wherein said microorganism is Escherichia coli.
 103. The process of claim 101, wherein said D-amino acid transaminase gene is derived from Bacillus sphaericus or Bacillus macerans. 